Orthography
The letters used in our transcription of Pārsīg are presented here. Special sounds belonging to the Pahlavānīg (/Parthian) language that are present in loanwords are put in-between brackets:
a, ā, e, ē, o, ō, i, ī, u, ū, h, (γ), x, g, k, ž, š, y, j, c, r, l, n, d, t, z, s, (δ), xv, f, v, b, p, m, (β).
- Notes on transcription, capitalisation, hyphenation and punctuation and differences with some older standards
- Capitalisation:
Pronunciation
Given below is the pronunciation of each sound as is most similar to some words in English, French, New Persian and other languages.
Vowels:
a – Eng. add, Fr. bague, Germ. Katze, NPers. bad / بَد
ā – Eng. car, Hind. rāt, NPers. bād / باد
e – Eng. set, Germ. Geben, Pers. beh / بِه
ē – Eng. care, veil, Fr. paix
o – Eng. or so, Fr. possible, NPers. soxan / سُخَن
ō – Eng. or so, Fr. or, Germ. Bote
i – Eng. bit, Germ. bitte
ī – Eng. seat, Fr. si, NPers. dīd / دید
u – Eng. book, Hind. cup
ū – Eng. boot, Germ. Bug, NPers. dūr / دور
Consonants:
b – Eng. bell, Germ. Gabel, NPers. baxt / بَخت
c – Eng. church, Hind. citr, NPers. cāh / چاه
d – Eng. door, sad, NPers. dam / دَم
(δ) – Eng. then, this
f – Eng. fog, Germ. vor, NPers. kaf / کَف
g – Eng. go, Germ. gut, NPers. gāv / گاو
(γ) – Sp. saguaro, Arab. ġarīb / غریب, NPers. bāγ / باغ
h – Eng. heal, NPers. har / هَر
j – Eng. jam, juice, NPers. jām / جام
k – Eng. kiss, Fr. cas, NPers. kār / کار
l – Eng. light, Germ. Liebe, NPers. lab / لَب
m – Eng. mother, Germ. kommen, NPers. mādar / مادر
n – Eng. night, NPers. nay / نَی
p – Eng. people, Fr. pauvre, NPers. pārs / پارس
r – Eng. roof, NPers. raviš / رَوِش
s – Eng. sister, sun, NPers. sang / سَنگ
š – Eng. sheep, Fr. chemin, NPers. šahr / شَهر
t – Eng. true, Fr. matin, NPers. tan / تَن
(θ) – Eng. thin, tooth, Arab. ṯawr / ثور
v – Eng. vine, NPers. āvāz / آواز
(β)/ (w) – Eng. wine, well
x – Germ. Buch, NPers. xanda / خنده
xv – NPers. xvariš / خورش
y – Eng. young, Germ. jetzt, NPers. yād / یاد
z – Eng. zone, NPers. zard / زَرد
ž – Eng. measure, Fr. jour, NPers. žarf / ژَرف
Keyboard
- Our proposed simple keyboard layout for standard Pārsīg, with some additional characters covering Pahlavānīg. For systems running on Windows, you should first download and install ‘Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator 1.4’, and then customise your keyboard settings by adding these new characters.
- For Android systems, Alphabet QWERTY on G-board can be used.
Symbols
< * > Before a word, denotes a reconstructed form, not preserved in any written document.
< * > After a word denotes its «peripheric» existence.
< > indicates a word's addition that doesn't exist in the original Mss., but could well be, and is added in order to enhance the readablity of the phrase.
/ / indicates the phonetic reading of a dubious word or phrase.
+ before a word indicates a minor correction in the word's spelling
̄ Long vowel
̌ Short or long vowel
- Note that in some cases, in order to ease the reading of a text from the old Corpus, we remove the < > or / / etc.; however, we maintain them in pdf versions.
Abbreviations
Linguistic terms
abbrev. abbreviation
abl. ablative
acc. accusative
act. active
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
aor. aorist
art. article
bot. botany
C consonant
caus. causative
cf. compare
col. colophon
coll. Collective
comp. comparative
conj. conjunction
corr. correct(ed)
dat. dative
dem. demonstrative
denom. denominative
dir. direct case
du. dual
ed. edited by
encl. enclitic
erg. ergative
fut. future
gen. genitive
ger. gerund
gl. gloss
ib. in the same place
id. idem
imp. imperative
imf. imperfect
inch. inchoative
ind. indicative
indecl. indeclinable
inf. infinitive
inj. injunctive
instr. Instrumental
int. interjection
interrog. interrogative
intr. intransitive verb
iter. iterative
lit. literary, literally
loc. locative
lw. loan word
m. masculine
med. medium, middle
nom. nominative
nt. neuter
obl. oblique case
opt. optative
pass. passive
perf. perfect
pers. person
pf. perfect
pl. plural
postp. postposition
pp. past participle
pr. pronoun
prep. preposition
pres. present
pret. preterite
pron. pronoun
prohib. prohibitive
ptc. participle
s. / subst. substantive
sg. singular
subj. subjunctive
suff. suffix
superl. superlative
top. place name
tr. transitive verb
v. verb
V vowel
var. variant
voc. vocative
z. zoology
Languages
Akk. Akkadian
Arab. Arabic
Armen. Armenian
Av. Avestan (G : Gaθic)
Awr. Awromanī
Bab. Babylonian
Bactr. Bactrian
Bal. Balōčī
Bart. Bartangī
Baš. Baškardī
Chin. Chinese
Dard. Dardic
Elam. Elamite
Eng. English
Fr. French
Georg. Georgian
Germ. German
Gil. Gēlakī
Gor. Gorānī
Goth. Gothic
Gr. Greek
Hebr. Hebrew
Hind. Hindī
Hitt. Hittite
Hung. Hungarian
Išk. Ishkāshmī (Ranī)
Khot. Khotanese
Khwar. Khwārezmian
Kum. Kumzārī
Kurd. Kurdish
Lar. Lārestānī
Lat. Latin
Lith. Lithuanian
Lur. Lurī
Med. Median
Mid. Aram. Middle Aramaic
Munj. Munjī
OCS. Old Church Slavic
OHG. Old High German
OPers. Old Persian
Orm. Ōrmuṛī
OSl. Old Slavonic
Osset. Ossetic (D : Digoron dialect, I : Iron dialect)
Pal. Pālī
PA (Proto-)Perso-Aryan
Par. Parāčī
Parth. Parthian (Pahlavānīg/Pahlavīg)
Paš. Pashai
Pasht./ Pašt. Paṣ̌tō
Paz. Pāzand
Pers. (Classical) Persian, Persic (Pārsīg)
Prkt. Prakrit
Roman. Romanian
Rōš. Rōshānī
Russ. Russian
Sangl. Sanglēčī(-Iškāšmī)
Sargh. Sarγulāmī
Sar. Sarīqōlī
Siv. Sīvandī
Šuγ. Shughnī
Skt. Sanskrit
Sogd. Sogdian
Sp. Spanish
Tab. Tabarī
Tal. Tālishī
Tokh. Tokharian (A, B)
Turk. Turkish
Uig. Uighur
Wakh./ Wax. Waxī
Wanj. Wanjī
Yaγ. Yaγnōbī
Yaz. Yazγulāmī
Yid. Yidγā(-Munǰānī)
Zaz. Zāzākī
Zēb. Zēbākī
Titles and Texts
Ā (Āfg) āfrīnagān
Abn. The Fire Altar of Vispšādfarrdōš
Āf āfrīn
ĀfM āfrīn ī myazd
ĀfV āfrīn ī vazurgān
AfZ āfrīn ī Zardušt
APE abar perì e͑rmēneías (Paul the Persian)
Ardā V Ardā Vīrāzagān
ASS abdīh ud sahīgīh ī zamīg ī Sagestān az abārīg šahrīhā
Aog. Aogǝmadaēcā
AV ayādgār ī Vazurgmihr
AVN Ardā-Virāz-nāmag
AZ ayādgār ī Zarērān
Bd bundahišn
CHP cīdag handarz ī pōryōdkēšān
Col. Colophon
DA draxt Asurīg
DB The Behistun inscription of Darius
DD dādestān ī dēnīg
DE The Pahlavānīg and Pārsīg inscriptions of Durā (Europos)
DGO dar ēcand az gōbišn ī Ōšnar purxrad
DH dārūg ī hunsandīh
Dk dēnkird (M: Madan)
EN ēvēnnāmag
ĒNN ēvēnag ī nāmagnibēsišnīh
F A glossary of Avesta words and their Pārsīg equivalents based on the Zand (the so-called Frahang ī ōīm: ēk)
FP frahang ī pahlavīg
GAM gōbišn ī Ādurbād ī Mahrspendān
GG gōbišn abar gōbāgīh (Paul the Persian)
H hērbedestān
HAM handarz ī Ādurbād ī Mahrspendān
Hd handarz
HDM handarz ī dānāgān ō mazdesnān
HDV handarz ī dastvarān ō vehdēnān
HHK handarz ī Husrav ī Kavādān
HKR Husrav ī Kavādān ud rēdak-ē
Hn Hāδōxt Nask
HOD handarz ī Ōšnar ī dānāg
HP handarz ī pēšēnagān
HVF/ HVfp handarz ī Vehzād Farroxpērōz
J jāmāspīg (ayādgār ī Jāmāsp)
K 1/ K 7/ K 25 Codices from the University Library of Copenhagen
KAP kārnāmag ī Ardašēr ī Pābagān
KKZ The inscription of Kirdēr at Kaʿba of Zardušt
KNRm The inscription of Kirdēr at Naghš i Rustam
KSM The inscription of Kirdēr at SarMašhad
MāhN māh niyāyišn
MFRH māh fravardīn rōz ī hurdād
MJF mādayān ī Jōšt ī Frayān
MGA The Pārsīg treatise guzastag Abdallāh
Mhb. Mahābhārata
MHD mādayān ī hazār dādestān
MnF The inscription of Mihrnarsē the Vazurgframadār at Fērōzābād
MSR mādayān ī sīh-rōzag
MŠV abar madan ī šāh Vahrām ī varzāvand
MU 29 The codex MU 29 in Pārsīg
MX mēnōg xrad
N nīrangestān
NM nāmagīhā ī Manušcihr
N P The inscription of Paikuli
NS nam: stāyišn
OPH Ohrmazd ped harvispāgāhīh
P pursišnīhā
P/ Pap Papyri (also parchments and linen fragments)
PDK pus ī dānišnkāmag (CK: cim ī kustīg)
Petit petit pašīmānīh
PK peymānag ī kadag-xvadāyīh
Ps. The Book of Psalms
Purs. pursišnīhā
Purs.EA pursišnihā ī Emēd ī Ašavahištān
PXĀ panz xēm ī āsrōnān
PZ peymān ī zanīh
RP the so-called “Rivāyat ī Pahlavī”
RXv rēdak ī xvašārzōg
R 115 Manuscript R 115: Āfrīns, Nīrangs, Petits, etc.
Sr sīh-rōzag
SS sūr soxan (= sūr āfrīn)
ŠĒŠ šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr
ŠGV šak-ud-gumānīh-vizār
ŠH The inscription of Šābuhr at Hājīābād
ŠKZ The trilingual inscription of Šābuhr at “Ka’aba i Zardušt”
ŠnŠ šāyist nē-šāyist
ŠPs The inscription of Šābuhr Sagānšāh at Persepolis
ŠTB The inscription of Šābuhr at Tang i Borāγ
ŠVŠ The inscription of Šābuhr at Veh-Šābuhr
T Turfan texts
VAM vāzag ē-cand Ādurbād ī Mahrspendān
VC vizārišn ī catrang ud nihišn ī nēvardašīr
Vd Vidēvdād
Vir. vīrāzagān
Vn Vaeθā Nask
Vr visprad
VYt Vištāsp Yašt
VZ vizīdagīhā ī Zādsprahm
XXF abar xēm ud xrad ī farroxmard
XvR xvēškārīh ī rēdakān
Y Yasna
Yt Yašt
Z Zand (commentary)
ZVY zand ī vahman yasn
22 V vīst-do vāzag
Other abbreviations
Aristotelian works
Anal. Post. Aristotle's Posterior Analytics
Anal. Pr. Aristotle’s Prior Analytics
Cat. Aristotle’s Categories
In Anal. Pr. On Aristotle’s Prior Analytics
In Cat. In Aristotelis Categorias Commentarius
In De Int. A commentary of Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias (In Aristotelis De Interpretatione Commentarius)
Poet. Aristotle's Poetics
Metaph. Aristotle's Metaphysics
Top. The Topics of Aristotle
In Isag. A commentary of the Isagoge of Porphyry
Isag. Porphyry’s Isagoge
B Buddhist
C Christian
inscr. inscription
Man. Manichaean
Ms. manuscript
Mss. manuscripts
RV Ŗgveda
TC2 The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2
Zor. Zoroastrian