Affixation

<Extracted from the Part II, section 1, Affixation of the book Pārsīg Language (The so-called Pahlavi): Parts of Speech, Word Formation, and Phonology, Sade publication, 2017, written by Raham Asha>

§ 1. Affixation

Pārsīg words mostly come from old “derived nouns” (words with affixes), for example, juvān ‘young’ < *i̯uu̯ānam < *i̯uu̯an< *h²iu-h1en(Av. yuvan, Skt. yúvan). However, there are word-forming elements that can be considered as “living” affixes.

1.1. Prefixation

In the word formation the following prefixes are to be considered:

a°, an°

a°, an° (before vowel, seldom before consonants) (Av.-OPers. a-, an)

It is a negative particle (privative, antinomic), derived from a noun (denominal) or an adjective (deadjectival)

aband ‘erring’ from pand ‘path, way’, abandīh ‘error, deviation, heterodoxy’ (cf. Av. a-paṇti- m. ‘non-path’). ud xīr ī mēnōg višōbed; ud kār ud kirbag, ped abandīh dāred. MX 15.30-31

a-bannag ‘without subject(s)’ from bannag ‘servant, subject’ (OPers. bandaka-‘loyal subject’). ka gund nēst xvadāy abannag, ud dēn <a->burdār, ud zēn anabāyišnīg, ud āmurzišn anām ud ganz asūd. Dk iii, M 137

a-bēš ‘free from harm; free from hostility; helpful’ (Av. a-t̰baēšah- / G a-dvaēšah- adj., Parth. anā-bēš, Paz. abə̄š). ahlavān andar vahišt azarmān ud amarg ud abīm ud abēš ud apedyārag hend. MX 7.13

a-bištīh ‘unharmedness’ from bišt ppp. of bēš-/ bištan. pediš abištīh. Dk iii, M 197

a-brīn ‘un-carved, indiscrete, atomic’ from brīn ‘cutting; part; fate’. ēk ī ped ēkīh ōstīgān xvad abrīn. Dk iv, M 409

a-cār ‘inevitable, necessary; helpless’ from cār ‘means, remedy’ (cf. Av. cārā-f.) avēšān kē ruvān dōšārm rāy driyuš niyāzvand acār mardōm tis dahend. ŠGV 11.137

adānāg ‘ignorant’ from dānāg (Parth. anā-frazānag) ōy ī adānāg andar pehikār. Dk viii, M 717

adānāgīh ‘ignorance’ (Paz. adānāī) hān ī cōn tārīkīh ud dušcihrīh ud gennagīh ud rīmanīh ud vattarīh ud adānāgīh xvad dēvīh cōnīh, aziš dūr sazed būdan. ŠGV 11.319

agār (also a-kār) ‘disabled, idle; out of order’ from kār ‘work, act; use; job’. kālbod rīman ud agār kuned. HDM 3 ka pedīriftārīh nēst āsnxrad agār. Dk iii, M 333

agird ‘not done, unploughed, untilled’ < *a-kṛta- (Parth. akird, Paz. akard). būšāsp mā varz kū-t kār ud kirbag ī abāyed kirdan agird nē māned. MX 2.29-30

a-gōbāg ‘speechless, dumb; irrational’ from gōbāg ‘endowed with speech; eloquent; rational’ < *gau̯bāka-. ast ī cihrīg zāyīhed asōhāg ud agōbāg ud araftār ud niyāzumand ō parvardār mād. VZ 31.1

a-griftār ‘intangible, inapprehensible, impalpable’ from griftār ‘taken; tangible; captive’).

dām amenīdār ud aravāg ud agriftār būd. Bd 238

a-jask ‘freed from sickness’ from jask ‘illness’ (Av. a-yaska-). ajask ud amarg baved cōn kay husrav. ĀfZ 7

a-kanārag ‘limitless, unlimited’ from kanārag ‘limit, edge’ (cf. Av. a-karana-). zurvān ī akanārag azarmān ud amarg ud adard ud asōhišn ud apuyišn ud apedyārag, ud dā hamē-ud-hamē-ravišnīh ēc kas bē stadan, ud az xvēškārīh abādixšāy kirdan nē tuvān. MX 8.9

anāb ‘waterless; unmixed, pure (wine)’ from āb ‘water’ (Av. anāpa)

an-ābādān ‘uncultivated’ from ābādān ‘cultivated, inhabited, prosperous’. avarzīd ud anābādān zamīg. MX 5.7

an-arzān ‘unworthy; undeserving’ from arzān ‘worthy, valuable’. vāy īg anarzānān. TM 729 I

an-ast ‘non-existent, inexistent, naught’ from ast ‘is; existent’. ēn dām dahišn ī ohrmazd anast kunum. ŠGV 4.12

an-āyād ‘unremembered, forgotten’ from āyād ‘memory’ (Parth. anaβyād),anāyādīh ‘non-remembrance’. nām ō framōšīh ud anāyādīh, ud mān ud mēhan ō avīrānīh ud ālūdagīh, … AV 3

an-ēr ‘non-Aryan, ignoble’ from ēr ‘Aryan’ (Av. an-airya-, Parth. anaryān). tigrāh ēn man mazdesn bay šābuhr šāhān šāh ērān ud anērān. Š H

an-estēnīd ‘not-placed; not-lasting’ (cf. Av. astātō). astātō.ratūm : anestēnīd-radān [kē nēst]. Vd 15.9

an-hambasān ‘not contradictory’ from hambasān (Paz. anaṇbasąn, aaṇbasą). kunišn ī anhambasān, hān ī hanbasānumand. Dk viii, M 725

an-hambidīg ‘without rival, matchless’ from hambidīg ‘rival, contrary’. u-š dād, ped xvēš anhambidīg zōr, abardar šaš amehrspend, ud vispān yazdān ī mēnōgān gētīgān. ŠGV 1.4

an-zād = a-zād ‘unborn’ from zād ‘born’ (Av. a-zāta-). hān ī ped hān ēvēnag anzād veh. Dk vi, M 583

a-peymān (or, abeymān) ‘out of measure, immoderate’ from peymān (Parth. anā-padmān). sarmāg ud garmāg ī apeymān. Dk ix, M 810

a-xvāb ‘sleepless’ from xvāb ‘sleep’ (cf. Av. axvafna-). axvāb ud abang. Bd 71 axvafnō ahi abaŋhō tūm yō ahurō mazdā̊: axvāb hē ud amast tū kē ohrmazd hē. Vd 19.20

abē°

abē° ‘without, un-, -less’ < *apa-i̯t.

It is a privative prefix, and forms adjectives of deficiency.

abē-bīm ‘fearless, secure’ from bīm. abēvināh bāš kū abēbīm bavē. HAM 72

abē-būd ‘deficiency, privatum esse’ from būd ‘what was; past’. ērān hamē peymān stāyed, frāybūd abēbūd nikōhed. Dk iv, M 429

abēdād ‘unlawful, unjust’, subst. ‘injustice’ (Bactr. αβηλαδο). srōš ī ahlavī vānīdār ī dēvān āz ud xēšm ud hēz az tō dūr dārād ud kušād ī ō tō mā karānd abēdād. ŠnŠ 22.17

abē-uš ‘unconscious; dull; senseless’ from uš (Paz. aβə̄ hōš). u-šān aviš ruzdist, ud abēuš būd hend. TM 7981 I abēuš ud adān ud halaggōbišn. ŠGV 13.149

duš° (duž°)

duš° (duž°) ‘bad, evil-, dis-, ill-’ (Av. duš°, duž°, OPers. duš°), opp. hu°

It is a pejorative prefix purporting the state of badness, difficulty, and the similar.

duš-āgāh (also dužāgāh) ‘ignorant, ignoramus’ opp. (hu)dānāg. dānāg ped bun kār dāned, dušāgāh ped sar vēned. HVfp 21

duš-burd/ duž-burd ‘ill-treated, distressed’. kay būd ka tū ēdōn dužburd būd hē, u-mān nē bōxt hē? TM 477 az škōhīh dušburdīh. Dk vi, M 563

duš-cihr ‘ill-natured, ugly, hideous’ (Av. duš.ciθra-, Parth. durcihr, opp. huzihr). az vadcihrag tis mā xvāhišn, cē xvēštan dušcihr kuned. Dk vi, M 554 hān yak bahr ī ō daryāb ōbest, hān-iš mazan ēv dušcihr appar ud sahmēn aziš būd. TM 7981 I

duš-farr ‘of evil fortune, ill-fated, accursed’ (Av. dušxvarǝnah-, cf.) marak dušfarr xēšmgird aleksander. Dk ix, M 811

duš-genn (also duž-genn) ‘evil-smelling, stinking, foul’ (Av. duž.gaiṇti-). hān āz ud ahrmen, ud tār ud tam, ud hōšāg ī dužgenn, ud zahr ī marg, ud sōzišn ī xēšmēn, ud zahr ī dēvān. TM 7980 II dušgennīh ud rīmanīh. Dk iii, M 145

duš-kar ‘difficult’ (opp. hugar ‘easy’). ka cōnīh ud gōhr ī gyān andar ēn nibēg ped vas gyāg pēdāgēnīd ēstēd, pas ēn dānistan nē duškar kū … TM 9 II ēn and pedyārag bē <dādan> ped hambōhīh ud marag ī vas enyā abesihēnīdan duškar. J 12

duš-kird ‘ill-done’ (OPers. duškṛta-),

duš-kirdagān ‘of evil deed’. mardōhm ī dēnvar, abāg hayyārān, ud hān duškirdagān az hāmkunišnān hammis frāz ō pēš xradešahr yazd nayānd aviš namāz barānd. TM 473a

duš-men ‘enemy, hostile, foe’ (Av. dušmańyu-). bēz nē āb ud nē ādur, nē draxt ud nē dām pediš šād nē bavend, cē-šān dušmen ud āzārag baved. TM 7983 II kē dōst dušmen nē šnāsed. HOD 40

duš-srav/ dusrav ‘of bad reputation, notorious, dishonoured’ (Av. duš.sravah- adj., duš.sravahyā- f.). kū-tān tan dusrav ud ruvān durvand nē bavād. CHP 46 bēšumandīh ud dušsravīh ud dušruvānīh. Dk iii, M 235

duš-yār(īh) ‘famine’ (OPers. dušiyāra- ‘bad year, famine’). dušyārī ud nixrōst cannānd, ud vināh nē kunānd ud vād, āb ud ādur andar šahr tazānd, ud vārān narm vārād ud draxt ud giyāv ud bār ud urvar ... rōyānd. TM 477

ham°, han°, hām°

ham°, han°, hām° ‘same’ (Av. hamaadj. ‘same’), opp. jud°

ham-bahr (also hāmbahr) ‘with equal shares’, opp. judbahr. ud hambahr duzīh ud judbahr duzīh. Dk viii, M 721-722

hambašn ‘of the same stature’. ēk ō did peyvast hambašn ud hamdēsag. VZ 3.72

ham-brahm ‘of the same shape, of the same order’ (Parth. hāmbrahm). hambrahm vināh ud durvandīh vahān. Dk iii, M 165

ham-ēvēnag ‘homogeneous’, adv. ‘in the same manner, likewise’ (Paz. ham āinaa). cf. hāmōyēn.

ped dāmdād pēdāg kū mād-iz kirbag hamēvēnag ī pid ō xvēšīh rased. ŠnŠ 12.15 agar dušdānāg ud dušpādixšā ud mustgar, ā xvad ō dām abēzag dušmen, u-š dām-iz aviš hamēvēnag. ŠGV 11.233-234

hamdādestān ‘in agreement, in common consent; unanimous’ (Paz. hamdāestą, Pers.), opp. juddādestān.

ēc kē būd hend [ud ēc kē bavend], ud ēc kē hend, [ud ēc kē az nūn frāz bavend,] hamāg hamkirbag ud hamdādestān būdan. CHP 21 hāmōyēn pediš hamdādestān hend kū … ŠGV 13.3

ham-gēhān (rendering Av. haδō.gaēθā- m. ‘co-owner of the possessions’. cf. Parth. hāmgēh ‘partner’, Khwar. angēθ, Aram. hngyt). az hamgēhānān ī hambāyīh [brād ī hambāyīh]. H 1.4

ham-gōnag/ hāmgōnag/ hangōn adj. ‘of the same kind’, adv. ‘in the same way’. pešōtan ī vištāspān hamgōnag dastvar ud rad ī gēhān baved. ZVY 9.11 nūn harv cē ēn zan kird ud virāst, man-z hāmgōnag niyābag kirdan. TM 45 hangōn-z az duškirdagānīh ud āzegarī tirsend ud parzārend. TM 8251 II

ham-kirb/ hangirb ‘having the same body or form, homo-morph, double (person)’. ōy mard ī kirdēr hangirb. KSM 49 ped hamkirbīh ī yazdān. Āf

ham-nāf/ hām-nāf ‘kinsman, of the same family, closely related’ <*hama-nāfa-. hucašmīh ud abārīg hunarān ped āsnxrad hamnāf. Dk iii, 313 cōn kē ō xvēš brādar ud hāmnāf dōst baved. TM 794 II

hām-ox ‘of the same spirit’. āgenīn hamēv hāmox ud hāmzōr bavānd. TM 7980 I

ham-tōhmag/ hāmtōhmag ‘of the same seed, kinsman’ (Parth. hāmtōxmag). bazag hān ī vattar dēn hamtōhmag. Dk viii, M 680 u- šān dōst hend, ciˁōn ka-šān hāmtōhmag hend. TM 8251 II

ham-vāng ‘of one voice, of one acclaim, symphonious’ (Parth. hāmvāg). nazdist ruvān tan vēned ī aziš pursed. ped hān guft (ud pesox) mardōm hamāg (āgenīn) hamvāng bavend ud buland stāyišn ō ohrmezd ud amehrspendān barend. Bd 225-226

ham°, han°, hām°

ham°, han°, hām° ‘co-’ (Av. ham-, hąm, ha-, hə̄n prep., prev., adv. ‘together, conjointly’)

ham-abzār ‘accomplice’. avēšān hamabzār ī xēšm dēv. Bd 183.

ham-āfrāh ‘accomplice’ (Parth. hāmāfrās). hanzaman ī jādūgān ud hamāfrāhān. VZ 11.1

ham-ayyār ‘auxiliary; cooperating’. abārīg hamkār ud hamayyār ī avēšān hend. Bd 183 hamayyār ud anabāzdār. Dk viii, M 722

hambann ‘connected, linked; fellow-captive’ (Parth. hāmband). hērbedīh ud hāvištīh hambann. DD 44.2

hambašn (also hambišn) ‘co-wife, rival wife’ < *ham-pašnī- (Av. hapaθnī- f.). mard ī zanīhā ī hambišn ānōh xvad ast. VZ 34.30

ham-juxt ‘aligned, associated’ (Parth. hāmyuxt). hamjuxt … hamēstārīg … brādrodīg. Dk iii, M 167

hāmpand, also hamrāh ‘accompanying, fellow-traveller’. drist visāy, hāmjār ud hāmpand ī ped visp razmāh! TM 842 abāg xēšmen mard hamrāh mā bāš! HAM 18 pašn ī ped hamrāhīh aziš bē vaštan. Dk viii, M 705

ham-xvāstag ‘joint owner’. ēn dar ī hambāyān ud hamxvāstagān tis vizārdan. MHD xxxviii cf. also Petit, 4.

It can be added to the verbal base (deverbal).

ham-āyōz-/ ham-āyuxtan ‘to yoke with, harness’ < *ham-ā-i̯au̯j-a-. asp-ē kē-š ped rah hamāyōzend. ŠGV 13.113

ham-bōy-/ hambōyīdan ‘to smell; kiss’ < *ham-bau̯dai̯a- (Av. hąm.baoδ-a- ‘to smell’). (Parth.) mādar grift u-š ambōyād. TM 33 II

ham-purs- ‘to converse, consult; conclude (a contract)’ < *ham- pṛsa- (cf. Av. hąm.pǝrǝsǝṇte). hān ī ka an ud tū hampursem. ZVY 1.8

hām ‘all’:

hām-kišvar ‘world, cosmos’ abzōn ī hāmkišvar mardōm. Dk iii, M 74

hāmšahr ‘world’ mardōhm nar ud māyag cē andar hāmšahr zāyed, hān harv āz dēsišn hend. TM 7983 II

See “The Pronoun”, 3.18.

hu°

hu° ‘good, well-’, hv° (before vowel) (Av. hu°, hū°, OPers. hu°, huv°), opp. duš°

hubōy ‘sweet-smelling, fragrant; flavoury’ (Av. hubaoiδi-). ērānšahr ī ābādān ī hubōy. Bd 217 hubōy bed cōn mušk. ĀfV

hudēn ‘of the good religion’ < *hu-dai̯na- (Paz. hudīn). hufravard ādurfarrōbay ī farroxzādān ī hudēnān pēšōbāy. Dk iv, M 409

hugar (also hugār) ‘doing good; easy’ < hu-kăr-a- (opp. duškar). rād ud rāst ud mihrbān ud hugar ud kirbakkar. KSM 11 ohrmazd guft kū: avēšān dāmān ka nē būd hend, ā-m brihēnīd tuvān būd, ud nūn ka būd ud višuft abāz pesāxtan hugardar. VZ 34.6 toxšāg hugār hunsand. Dk vi, M 511

hujadag ‘of good omen’ < *hu-i̯ataka-. day zīšn ud āyaft ī nēvān ō hujadag ud ǝstāyīdag avāhmān! TM 174 II

hugirb/ hu-kirb ‘of good body or form’ (Av. hukǝhrp-). hugirb [kū-t kirb nēk]. Y 9.16 hugirb cōn pessazagīh ī hannām. F 3.1

hugird/ hu-kird ‘well-made’ (Av. hukǝrǝta-). hukird [kū-š kār ī abar nē abāyed kirdan]. Vd 19.30 u-š bareh ō hukird ud virāst zamīg. TM 49 II

hu-ox/ hvox ‘having good energy of life’ (Av. havaŋvha-). abēzag-xēm, āsnūdag-xrad, ud dēn-vāspuhragān, ud yazdān-menīdār, ud huox, ud yaštār, ud mēnōg-vēnišn, ud varm-abestāg. Dk iii, M 160

huzihr/ huzīr ‘beautiful, handsome’ (Av. huciθra- rendered by hu-tōhmag). garōdmān ī vasrōšnīh ī huzihr. SS 5 aršišvang ī huzīr kayān xvarrah bām. ŠnŠ 22.25

huzīvišn/ hu-zīšn ‘well-to-do’. husrō bāš kū huzīvišn bavēh! HAM 78

jud°

jud° ‘different; apart; anti-’ < *i̯u-ta (cf. Skt. yutá ppp. ‘removed, separate’). jud renders the Avesta vi/ vī (used as a prefix to verbs or nouns, to express division, opposition, or distinction).

jud-bēš ‘harmless, pain-dispelling; antidote’ (Av. vi-t̰baēšah-). sēnmurv āšyān ped van ī judbēš ī vastōhmag (visptōhmag). MX 62.37

jud-bun ‘of a different origin’. bizeškīh az vēmārīh judbun. Dk iii, M 158

jud-dādestān ‘of a different opinion, disagreeing’. ast dastvar kē juddādestān. ŠnŠ 9.2

jud-dēv ‘rejecting the Daēva’ (Av. vī.daēva-). spās ohrmazd ud niyāyišn dēn mazdesn ī juddēv ohrmazd-dādestān. Dk viii, M 677

jud-gōhr ‘of separate substance’ gyān az tan judgōhr. TM 9 II

jud-pid ‘having different fathers’. xvah ud brād ka hampid hend ud judmād, ā-šān ōh baved. ud ka hammād hend ud judpid, ā-šān ōh baved. RP 8d.5

-pād°, pā(y)° < *pāti

pādāšn/ pādāšin ‘recompense, reward, retribution’ from *pāti and *dāšna- (Paz. pādadahišni), cf. dāšn/ dāšin.

kē kirbag kuned pādāšn vinded. HAM 108 mizd ud pādāšn. Dk ix, M 801 u-tān vahištāv pādāšin dayān. TM 477 R

pādifrāh ‘punishment, requital, chastisement’ < *pāti-frāsa- (Parth. pādifrās). kē vināh kuned pādifrāh bared. HAM 108 puhl ud pādifrāh. Petit 12.2/ HDV 24 pazd ud pādifrāh. Dk viii, M 716

pādram/ pāyram ‘the common, common people; public’ < *pāti- rama- (Pers.).

pādrōz(ag) ‘daily, quotidian’ < *pāti-rau̯ca-ka- (Parth. pādrōžag, Armen. patručạk ‘beast for sacrifice; appanage, pension’, Pers.

pādrōzag niyāyišn. Dk iii, M 80 abar hān xīr ī ped uzēnag ud pādrōz abar pasēmār framān dād. MHD 93

pāygōs/ pādgōs ‘province, district’ < *pāti-kau̯sa- (Parth. pāδgōs, Paz. pāδkōs). šahr ud pāygōs. N P 73 šahr šahr ud pāygōs pāygōs. MX 1.35 visp šahr ud pāygōs. TM 36

abāg° , ped°

These prepositions, when attached to nouns, give to them a form of possession or a sense of belonging to a particular person or thing (possessive determiners): abāg° ‘with’ (rendering Av. mat̰°, or hacat̰°, or haδa°), ped° ‘on, at, by’ (Av. paiti°).

abāg-ēsm ‘with the firewood’ (Av. haδa.aēsma-).

amāh-iz kē mazdesn frāz-yaštār hem abāgēsm abāgbōy. Vr 12.5

abāg-gōšvār ‘with ear-rings’ (Av. mat̰.gaošāvara-). abāggōšvār [peyrāyag]. Vd 14.15

abāg-pus/ abāg-puhr ‘who has a son; who expects a son, pregnant’ (Av. hacat̰.puθra-). kunum tō abāgpusīh ud abāgpēmīh [kū-t xvad duxt ud pēm bavēd]. Vd 21.6

ped-zōr ‘having force, powerful’, opp. ni-zōr. ka hāmin pedzōrdar, zimestān nizōrdar. Bd 195

A number of old nominal prefixes have ceased to be used in making new words. However, we find them in some Pārsīg words (for example, ā° in ādehīg ‘countryman’, uz° in uzdehīg ‘belonging to a foreign country; exiled’). In such cases, derivation is considered to be “prior”.

1.2. Suffixation

There are several derivational suffixes. The following list the common suffixes used to form new words (substantives and adjectives).

1.2.1. Real suffixes

-g < *-ka, feminine *-kā: ag; -g; īg; -ūg; -ōg

It represents the old Taddhita affix. The words of the -g form directly come from the old Perso-Aryan words, for example, gurdag ‘kidney’ < *u̯ṛt-ka- (Av. vǝrǝδka-), vazurg ‘great’ < *u̯azar-ka- (OPers. vazṛka-).

The suffix -ag < *-a-kais more frequent. It is added to substantives, adjectives and present or past stems. It has often only a formal function, that is, it does not semantically change the word. However, according to the part of speech, it could be a noun-forming or adjective-forming suffix.

Nouns with root words:

abarag ‘north’ (abar ‘upper’, Av. upara- adj., cf. abar-šahr name of a district < *upara-xšaθra- ‘the upper or northern land’). ōy yazd abar hamāg zamīg ud asmān hāmkišvar, abar abarag ud xvarāsān, ērag ud xvarōfrān, visbed kird kū šahr pāyād. TM 7981 I

aburnāyag ‘minor child; boy’. It does not directly come from *apṛnāi̯u- enlarged by the *-ka- suffix (Av. apǝrǝnāyu- adj., apǝrǝnāyuka- adj.). The suffix -ag has been added to aburnāy adj. ‘of minor age’, s. ‘child’. rahīg-ē ī aburnāyag. Dk vi, M 513 nōgzādag aburnāyag. Dk viii, M 747 nārīg-iz aburnāyag-iz. Vd 3. 11

acārag adj. ‘necessary; helpless’, s. ‘want of remedy’ < *a-cāra- ka- (acār adj. ‘inevitable, necessary; helpless’, impers. ‘it is necessary’, cf. Av. cārā- f., Armen. čarak). būd ēk az vēmārān kē abāg xvēš zan ud frazend abēr acārag ud driyuš abēbahr būd. ŠGV 14.58

anōšag ‘immortal’ (anōš adj. ‘undying, immortal; sweet’, s. ‘immortality drink’, Av. an-aoša-, cf. also ahōš). dastvar guft kū: anōšag bed! KAP 4.24

āškārag ‘patent, manifest, in plain view; public’ < *āu̯iš-kāra-ka- (cf. Skt. āviṣ-kāra- m.). rāz āškārag baved. Dk vi, M 554

aštag ‘emissary, messenger’ from ašt ‘id.’ < *ašta- (Av. ašta- m.). kē ōy gōbāg hem kē vahman hem [kū: aštag ī ōy hem]. Dk vii, M 625

babrag ‘beaver’ < *babra-ka- (Av. baβra- m., baβri- m., f.). babrag ī ābīg. MX 36.10

cašmag ‘source, spring, fountain’ < *cašma-ka- (cašm ‘eye’, Av. cašman- nt., cašma nom. sg.). cašmag ī āb ī abar kōfān sar. Dk iii, M 133 cašmagān īg ābān zīndagān. TS 9

cīdag ‘collected; select’ < *cita-ka- (Skt. citá-). cīdag handarz ī pōryōdkēšān. CHP

dānag/ dāng ‘seed, grain; a small coin’ < *dāna-ka- (dān ‘corn, grain’, cf. Av. dānō.karš-, Skt. dhānā́ - f. ‘corn, grain’, dhānaka- m. a small coin). dānag ud astag. DA 107 dāng-ē sang. DH

dōšag ‘friend, dear, loving’ < *dauša-ka- (Av. zaoša- m.). dōšag [abāyišnīg]. Y 50.7

drūdag ‘health, welfare; peace’ from drūd < *drúu̯atāt-. vahman ī vazurg dārād dib ud drūdag. TM 2 I

dūdag ‘hearth-place; family, household’ < *dūta-ka- (dūd ‘smoke, fume’). xvāstag ped xvēšīh bē ō dūdag rased. MHD A40

fravardag ‘epistle, letter, scroll, missive’ < *frau̯arta-ka- (Armen. hrovartak ‘edict, fiat’). aštād ī (fravardag-) dibīr ī mihrān ī az ray. ŠKZ 34 pas framād fravardag ī muhr ī abdum … TM 454

frayādag ‘helper’ < *fra-i̯āta-ka- (frayād s. ‘help’, adj. ‘assistant, helper’). peyvāzed-um ō vāng u-m baved frayādag. TM 82

frazānag adj. ‘sagacious’, s. ‘philosopher’ < *fra-zāna-ka-. mard ī vēnāg ī frazānag. Dk vii, M 655 frazānagān ī ērānšahr. Dk iv, M 429

gursag ‘hungry’ < *u̯ṛša-ka- < *u̯ṛćš- (cf. Av. varǝšya-). zan ī vēvag ud aburnāy ī gursag. RP 62.12 kē andar gursagīh-ē rād. Dk vi, M 482

haftag ‘week’ < *hafta-ka- (haft numeral ‘seven’, Av. hapta). amurdād rōz sar ī fradum haftag, ud rōz ī āsān. MSR 7

hamag ‘all, entire, every’ < *hama-ka- (Av. hama- adj.). hamag abaršahr, kirmān, … ŠKZ 3 [stāyed] ō xvadāy, hamag zamīg. Ps 98.4

hōyag ‘left flank, left wing of an army’ < *hau̯i̯a-ka- (hōy ‘left’, Av. haoya- adj.). rox ō hōyag ud dašnag humānāg. VC 10

kafcag ‘spoon’ < *kapcaka- from kafc unit of capacity, ‘spoonful’ < *kápa-ca. ud harv rōz abēr bāmdād do kafcag ped kafcag ī “abestām <ō> yazdān” ō dahan abgandan. DH

lābag ‘entreaty, supplication’ from lāb/ rāb ‘id.’ lābag ī ped uzvān. Dk iii, M 336

mēvag ‘fruit’ from mēv (Parth. miγδag).

spram ud tarrag ud mēvag. RP 58.11 šābestān kirdan ī mēvag. Dk iii, M 299

nāmag ‘letter, epistle, book’ < *nāma-ka- (nām ‘name’, Av. nāman- nt., nāma nom. sg.). rāh rāy nāmag ī ped muhr ī X āvišt. PP 21 (Heidelberg)

nēmag ‘half; direction, side; sacred shirt’ < *nai̯ma-ka- (nēm ‘half’, Av. naēma- adj. ‘half’, m. ‘a half, side’). ped nēmag ī ohrmazd ēstend. J 10 hān ī azēr nēmag. PDK 49

panzag ‘pentad; the five fingers; claw’ < *panca-ka- (panz numeral ‘five’, Av. paṇca). cf. also panzāhag ‘fifty-year period’, sadag ‘century’. panzag ī veh. MJF 2

snēzag ‘snow’ from snēz- ‘to snow’ (Av. snij, snaēža- pres.). vād ud vārān ud … snēzag. Bd 19

stēzag ‘quarrel, altercation’ from stēz < *stai̯ja-.

ped hān ī nē dāned stēzag nē bared. Dk vi, M 588

syāhag ‘black; pupil (of the eye)’ < *si̯āu̯a-ka- (syāh ‘black’, Av. syāva- adj., Parth. syāvag). syāhag āb, ī ped rag ī pay ōn ēstādag kū-š vardišn ī cašm az kust ō kust pediš baved. ŠGV 5.69 (Parth.) syāvag būd ō amāh čašm, tand ud niβām. TM 6

šnāsag ‘knowing, cognizant one, conversant; sense organ’ from šnās-/ šnāxtan ‘to know’ (Av. xšnāsa- inch. pres.). cašmān ud abārīg šnāsagān. VZ 29.6 ped hindūgān dānāg, ud ped abārīg gyāg šnāsag. Dk iv, M 429

tābag ‘frying-pan’ from tāb-/ tāftan ‘to heat; roast’ (Av. tap, papaya- caus. pres.). andar si-šabag gōšt-tābag cē rāy ka nē xvarēnd. HDV 34

tāyag ‘powerful, mighty; power, ability, means’ < *tāu̯a-ka- (Parth. tāvag), tāy ‘ability, means’.

peymān ud pāyag ud tāyag. DD 30.2 hunar ud tāy ud ābādīh ud tuvānīgīh. Dk iv, M 426

xvadāyag ‘Sir, monsieur’ from xvadāy ‘lord, king, sir’. farrox xvadāyag dādgušnasp ped hamē farroxdar ud ped harv abzāyišn kāmag … man bavād! PapDok 21

xvāstag ‘property, wealth, asset; money’ < *hu̯āsta-ka- (xvāst ppp. from *hu̯az/ OPers. *hu̯ad, *hu̯ādai̯a-). āb ō xān ud xvāstag bared. MHD 19.7

Nouns without root words:

ālag/ ārag ‘side, bank’ < *arda-ka- (Av. arǝδa- m., Bactr. αρλο). az nēmrōz ālag frāz raved. VZ 30.48 u-šān ō dašn ārag ēstēned ud abāg yazdān ped šādīh pahrēzend. TM 475

bādag ‘(young) wine, must’ < *bātaka-. bādag ī yaštag ō hān [bay] vištāsp dād. VD 47

bazag adj. ‘sinful, baneful, wicked’, s. ‘evil, sin, wickedness, crime’ < *bazda-ka- (cf. Av. bazda- adj. ‘ill, sick’, Khot. baśdā ‘sin’, Paz. bažaa). vāy avēšān kē ped āvām ī bazag murd ud vin būd hend. TM 482 kirbag kun, az bazag mā tars! A maxim on a seal ardīg ī dēvān, vināhgārān, bazagān. PDK 21

brahnag ‘naked; without equipment’ < *bagna-ka- (cf. Av. maγna-, Sogd. βǝγnē). brahnag būd hem, u-tān peymuxt hem. TM 475 vastarg bē ō brahnagān … bē baxšed. VZ 30.45

daxmag ‘burial mound; tomb; tower of silence’ < *daxma-ka- < *dafma- (Av. daxma-). ped hān ī abar frāyist hazzān ul-dišt [kū: daxmag] kird ēsted. Vd 3.9

dramanag bot. ‘wormwood, Artemisia’ < *damanaka- (cf. Skt. damanaka-). dramanag ī daštīg ē-bazagān urvarān rad. Bd 121

gurbag ‘cat’ < *u̯ṛpa-ka- (cf. Lith. vilpišỹs ‘wild cat’). gurbag ped cahal rōz zāyed. MJF 2

halag ‘absurd, vain, stupid, foolish’ < *harda-ka- (Av. harz, harǝza- pres. ‘to release’, Pers. hil-/ hištan ‘to leave, abandon’, harzag ‘loose’, ‘vain, futile, absurd’). halag soxan. DA 32 halag ud xvaddōšag ud varanīg mard. Dk vi, M 554

halīlag lw. ‘myrobalan’ (cf. Skt. harītaka- m., Sindhi harīra- f.). halīlag ī kābulīg. Dk iii, M 166 halīlag ī parvardag. HKR 46

jadag ‘omen, fortune; accident’ < *i̯ata-ka-. jadag ī humāyōn. TM 31 vihirišn ī jadagān. Dk iii, M 161

kabārag ‘container, earthenware cup’ < *kapāra-ka-. kąmcit̰ vā xrūždismanąm: ayāb kadār-z-ē hān ī saxt zamīg kabārag-ē ud tis-ē. Vd 9.11

kadag ‘house, home, abode’ < *kata-ka-. rāzkirrōg kē kadag dēsed. VZ 29.2

kādag ‘game, play ; pleasantry, joke’ < *kāta-ka-. ka-š abāg aburnāyagān kādag kird. Dk vii, M 620

mōzag ‘shoe; boot’ < *mau̯ca-ka- < *muc, mau̯ca- ‘to shoe’ (Av. °maoca-). mōzag … saxtag. DA 56

nēzag ‘spear’, a measure of length < *nai̯za-ka- (Av. naēza- nt., Aram. nzk). asp ud nēzag ud šamšēr. HKR 12 and cand hān ī si mard nēzag bālāy. Dk vii, M 624 nēzag ī si-nāy. RP 10g

pambag ‘cotton’ < *bamba-ka-. az peymōzan ī mardōmān dārend ud peymōzend, ped tan parnigān, ud ped ruvān pambag veh. MX 16.64

pardag ‘curtain’ < *párata-ka-. ēdōn-z šādurvān-ē ud pardag-ē ud abārīg ī az ēn ēvēnag. PursEA 16.10

pāšnag ‘heel’ < *pāšna-ka-. aiŋ́hā̊ zəmō pāšnābiia vīspara: ēn zamīg ped pāšnag bē vispar. Vd 2.31

pēšag ‘class, profession, caste’ rendering Av. pištra- nt. cahār pēšag āgāhīh. Dk iv, M 413

sāyag (also āsāyag) ‘shade, shadow; shelter’ < *sāi̯a-ka-. nišān ī sāyag ī nēmrōz. ŠnŠ 21

sēvag ‘orphan’ < *sai̯u̯a-ka- (Av. saēva- m.). saē<va>: aburnāy kē pid nē zīndag. F 2.6 (Parth.) harvīn frazend kē būd sēvag. TM 6

šnōšag ‘sneeze’ < *xšnauša-ka-. ka-z šnōšag ī kas ašnaved hamgōnag (aṣǝmvohū-ē) bē guftan. ŠnŠ 12.32

tōrag ‘jackal’ < *tau̯ra-ka- vṛddhi from tura-. tōrag kē šagāl-iz xvānend. Bd 147

vaccag ‘child; young of an animal’ < *u̯atsa-ka- (cf. Skt. vatsá- ‘calf’, Pal. vaccha- ‘id.’). andar sāl si-bār vaccag kuned. Bd 112

vēšag ‘forest, thicket’ < *u̯ṛša-ka- (cf. Av. varǝša- m. ‘tree’, Skt. vṛkṣá- ‘id.’, Aram. wrš-br ‘forester’). šagr ka andar vēšag az kas-iz kas nē tarsed. HAM 90

vīvag ‘widow’ < *u̯ii̯au̯a-ka- < *u̯idau̯a-ka- < *u̯idau̯ā- f. (Av. viδavā- f., Sogd. <wyδwč>).

zan ī vīvag kē tis-iz aziš bē stānend u-š tis-iz kirdan nē tuvān ud harv kas ped xvār dāred. HAM 90

xāyag ‘egg’ < *āu̯i̯a-ka- (cf. Av. aya-, aēm). xāyag ī vay. OPH 6

zanag ‘sort, kind’ < *zana-ka- (cf. OPers. vispa-zana- ‘of all kinds’). visp-zanag (TM 7981 I). (Parth.) bōδestān visp zanag. TM 47 I

In personal names the suffix -ag has a “hypocoristic” or “caressing” function.

abarag (var. abarōg) name of a teaching priest < *apara-ka- (cf. Elam. ha-ba-ra). abarag van-ē bun guft, ud medyōmāh vēšag-ē guft. Vd 5.19

mihrag < *miθra-ka-. mihrag ī anōšzādān ī az ham pārs. KAP 8.1

pābag < *papa-ka- (cf. Akkad. pa-pa-ku). pābag marzbān ud šahriyār ī pārs būd ud gumārdag ī ardavān. KAP 1.3

There are a few words with a shortened -g (these words show the voicing of *-k after /r/):

andarg ‘between; against’ (cf. Av. aṇtarǝ, OPers. antar). andarg gōb-/ guftan ‘to speak against, refute’ renders Av. aṇtarǝ mrū.

sturg or stūrg ‘strong; coarse’ < *stūra- and -ka- (cf. Skt. sthūrá- adj.). sturg ud ruzd ud stahmag mard ped nēv dārend; ud frazānag ud vehdēn mardōm ped dēv dārend. J 16

vidarg ‘pass, path, ford’ < *u̯i-tara- and -ka- (Av. vitara- adj.). rāh ud vidarg. Dk vi, M 588 vidarg ī tang. VZ 31.1 vidarg ī rōdān. Dk viii, M 726

vastarg ‘cloth, garment’ < *u̯astra- and -ka- (Av. vastra- nt.). padām ud vastarg. ŠnŠ 10.40 vastarg ud kurd ī bāmīg tarāz. F 5

vistarg ‘bedding, cover, bed’ < *u̯i-stara- and -ka- (vistar ‘bed, pillow; mattress; river-bed, reach’). harv rōz abēr fradāg pēš cōn xvaršēd abar āyed, az vistarg abar āxēzed. XvR I.2

However, after geminate /rr/ occurs the suffix -ag:

dušfarr ‘evil-destined, accursed, δύστυχος’ < *duš-farnah- (Av. duš.xvarǝnah- adj.), dušfarrag ‘id.’.

The suffix -īg may go back to *-i-ka- (*-íka-).

enīg ‘fore, forehead, front’ < *ani-ka- (Av. ainika- m., Skt. ánīka- nt.). ainikō: enīg. F 3.4

kenīg ‘girl, maiden, damsel’ < *kani-kā- (Av. kaini-, kańyā-, kainikā- f., Bal. kany ‘virgin’). ka ped šūy nē dādag kenīg. F 2.6

nārīg ‘wife; female’ < *nāri-kā- (Av. nāirī-, nāirikā- f.). ašmāh nēkzīvišn ud dagrzīvišn bed, abāg narān ud nārīgān ud puszādān ī xvēš abzāyād. ĀfM

perīg ‘she-devil, witch; demoness’ (Av. pairikā- f.). dēvān ud perīgān narān ud māyagān. TM 7980 I

xištīg* (xišt) ‘brick’ < *išti-ka- (OPers. išti- f., Parth. hištīg ‘brick’).

There are some old *-i̯a stems enlarged by the *-ka suffix.

abarmānīg ‘dignitary, noble’ < *uparah-mānii̯a-ka-. pādixšāyān ud mehān ud abarmānīgān. ENN 1

abārīg ‘other’ < *apārii̯a-ka- (Sogd. <pʾr(ʾ)yk> /pārīk/ ‘other’, cf. Av. apara-). ud abārīg mardōm ī ped šahr. P 44 (Or. var. 45)

ardīg ‘battle, war’ < *ardi̯a-ka- (cf. Av. arǝza- m. ‘battle’, arǝzah- nt. ‘battlefield’, arǝzyā- f. ‘battle’). pahrēz ī az ardīg. VZ 30.40 ohrmezd ud ahrmen āgenīn ardīg būd. TM 7980 II

māhīg ‘fish; Pisces’ < *māθii̯a-ka- < *matsi̯a-ka- (Av. masya-, Skt. mátsya-). adādīh zanišn ī abar māhīgān. Dk viii, M 728 hassār-z māhīg axtar ped ēv māh yak rōz abzaved. TM 7981II

nazdīk ‘near, close; relative’ < *nazdi̯ah-ka- (Av. nazdyō). nazdīk ī mardōm ī dušāgāh mā nišīy! HAM 87 xvēš ud nazdīk. Petit 4,

pēšānīg ‘forehead’ < *pai̯šii̯ānii̯a-ka- (cf. Parth. panīg ‘forehead’ < *paranii̯aka). GBYNTʾ: pēšānīg. FP 10.12

rahīg ‘servant’ < *raθii̯a-ka-. zan ud rahīg. MHD A40

tuhīg ‘empty, vain, worthless’ < *tuθii̯a-ka- (Parth. tusīγ < *tusii̯a-ka-). az hunar nē tuhīg. Dk iii, M 233 tuhīgīh ī asmān. Aog. 60

xānīg ‘source, spring’ < *xānii̯a-ka- (Av. xąnya- adj. ‘of a spring’, Paz. xānī/ hānī). az xānīg sard āb. DA 115 xānīg ī rōšn ud anāhōg. Dk vi, M 543

The suffix -ūg goes back to the old -u/ -ū stems enlarged by the -ka suffix.

āhūg ‘deer, gazelle’ < *āθu-ka- < *āsu- (cf. Av. āsu- adj. ‘fleet, fast’). āhūg ī māyag ī starvan. HKR 35

bāzūg ‘arm’ < *bāzu-ka-, also bʾdwky /bādūg/ or /bāyūg/ < *bādu-ka- (Av. bāzu- m.). agar mard ped bāzūg agar zan ped bāzūg [afsōn] bastan. RP 63.4

brūg ‘brow, eyebrow’ < *brū-ka- (cf. Skt. bhrū- f. ‘brow’). mijag ud brūg ud vars. VZ 30.35

cārūg ‘lime, mortar’ < *cāru-ka-. ādurestarēn ud cārūgēn. Vd 6.32

dārūg ‘(medical) plant, medicine’ < *dāru-ka-. zarvān rāy dārūg nēst. HP 4.7 kōf panzum īg buland, kē dārūg ī xvēdag vas andar. TM 97

gāhūg ‘seat; couch; bier, litter’ < *gāθu-ka- < *gātu- (Av. gātu- m., OPers. gāθu- ‘place, throne’). nūn tan ped gāhūg ud nasā ped daxmagestān ēsted. HVF 25 barsum sar … azēr gāhūg-ē nihed. RP 58.63

gēsūg ‘curl, ringlet of hair’ < *gai̯su-ka-. gēsūg syā ud rōšn ud drāz. HKR 96

hindūg ‘Indian’ < *hindu-ka- (OPers. hindu- ‘India’, hinduya- ‘Indian’). zīg ī hindūgān. NM II.2.9-11gōz ī hindūg. HKR 50

jādūg ‘sorcerer, magician’ < *i̯ātu-ka- (Av.-OPers. yātu- m.). cahār hend kē ped kār framāyišn veh nē: zan ī jādūg; ud frazend ī vad; ud mizdvar ī vadgōhr; ud bannag ī vināhgār. DGO jādūgīh ud anērīh. Dk vi, M 529

nāzūg ‘delicate; proud’ < *nāzu-ka-, also nāzuk. vispuhr nāzūg, šahriyārān frazend. TM 729 II

pahlūg ‘rib, side, flank; wing (of river/ sea)’ < *parθu-ka- (Av. parǝsu- m.). pahlūg-zanišnīh. Dk viii, M 728 pahlūg ī zreh. Bd 83

xayūg ‘saliva, spittle’ < *hazdu-ka- (cf. Sogd. xǝzdūk, Pers. خیو) xayūg ī gōspendān ud mardōmān. Bd 90 xayūg ud rīmanīh. RP 18d.12

xūg/ xūk ‘pig’ < *hū-ka- (Av. hū-). xūg ī kadagīg. HKR 30 xūg ī varāz. VZ 25.1

xustūg ‘confessing, acknowledging’ < *hu-stu-ka- (Armen. xostuk). xustūg baved ped nigīrāyīh ī az xvad vināhgārīh. Dk iv, M 421

šnūg, zānūg ‘knee’ < *šnu-ka- (*žnu-ka-), *zānu-ka- (Av. xšnu-, žnu-, zānu-). jeh kē šnūg ped ādušt andar hišt. Dk ix, M 795 cē ēk ahlemōg ī vadag ī anahlav ā-š zānūg-drahnā ast āfrīn (nifrīn). Vd 18.11

vāyūg ‘hunter’ < *u̯āi̯u-ka-. niyāgān farroxān ī xvad hend rahyān rōšnān vāyūgān nēvān. TM 801 a

-ūg < *-uu̯a-ka-

pettūg ‘enduring’ < *pati-tuu̯a-ka-. hān ī harv vizīn pettūg xrad. Dk vii, M 623 zōr ud pettūgīh. MX 16.53 ped hamāg kār ud dādestān frārōn-pettūgīh. St. SR 1

vayūdag (also vayūg) ‘bride, daughter-in-law’ < *u̯adu-u̯adaka-. vayūdagān ī vahīg vahrām andar jast. Bd 51

The suffix -ōg goes back to the old nominal stems of *…au̯a- form.

ādōg ‘capable’ < *ā-tau̯a-ka-. nēkīh ī gētīg ādōg hend ešnāxtan. TM 9 I

āsrōg ‘priest’ < *āθrau̯a-ka- (Av. āθrava nom. sg., āθrō°). āθrō.puθrīm : āsrōg-pus.Y 10.15 xvāstag ī āθrōg kē-š xvāstagdār nēst. Dk viii, M 710 āsrōg-iz ī āgāh-pehikār. Dk vii, M 652

āvarzōg/ ārzōg ‘desire, aspiration, wish; lust’ < *ā-u̯arjau̯-a-ka-. ārzōg xvāstag (≈ Av. bǝrǝxδå avarǝtå). Dk ix, M 812 ped āvarzōg ī nar ud ī māyag āmixt hend. TM 8251 II

garmōg ‘warm’ < *garmau̯a-ka-. kū-š ped kār ud kirbag kirdan garmōg bē kunē. Y 49.8 garmōgīh ī ped var. Dk ix, M 865

karbōg ‘lizard’ < *karpau̯aka-. bēvar azi sag karbōg bē ē zaned [mārbānag. ē: sagīh ē kū abāz ō kūn nišīyed]. Vd 14.5 See also Dk ix, M 811.

kirrōg ‘skilful; craftsman; artisan’ < *kṛnau̯a-ka- (OPers. kṛnuvaka-). kirrōg ud nizūmān. J 8 dānišn ud hamōg ud abzār ud kirrōgīh ud hunar. Dk iv, M 425

mēnōg ‘spirit, invisible agent; noetic’ < *man-i̯au̯a-ka- (Av. mańyava-adj.). xīr ī mēnōg. Dk viii, M 680 MX : mēnōg xrad

nēkōg ‘beautiful, nice’ < *nai̯u̯akau̯aka-. cangsrāy kenīg ī nēkōg ped šabestān. HKR 63

nērōg ‘strength, potency; might’ < *nari̯au̯a-ka-. tū day ō amāh zōr ud nērōg, kū bavām espurr ped framān īg tō yazd. TM 801a

nōg ‘new, novel, recent’ < *nau̯a-ka- (Av. nava-, Parth. navāg). drist avar, šahriyār īg nōg, ud rōz īg nōg. TM 28 II šahr ī nōg fragāned. Dk iii, M 135

Sometimes -ōg represents a dialectal variant of -ag.

sahōg ‘hare; rabbit’ < *saha-ka- (cf. Skt. śaśá-, śaśaka-, Parāčī. sahȫk). sahōg ī ast xargōš. Bd 96

-k/ -ak

-k < *-ka- (-k remains unvoiced).

arešk/ arašk ‘eny, jealousy’ (cf. Av. araska- m.) arešk dēv druz ī kēnvarīh ud dušcašmīh. Bd 183

bišehk (also bizešk < *bizaška- < *bišazka-) ‘physician, doctor’ < *bišad-ka- < *bišaz-. drist avar, šahriyār ī nōg! drist avar, bōxtār ī vardagān, ud bišehk ī xastān! TM 28 II

ēk ‘one; unit’ < *ai̯u̯a-ka-, also yak < *ai̯u̯akahi̯a (Av. aēva-, OPers. aiva-‘one’, Paz. yak). ēk ī ped ēkīh. Dk iv, M 409 u-š āvām nē būd, andak nibišt, yak cand mahrān, u-š espurr nē frazāft. TM 1

hušk (also xušk) ‘dry, withered; land’ < *huška- (Av. huška- adj., OPers. uška-). sīh-ēk frašn ēn pursīd kū: «cē hān ī hušk bē nē sōzed, ud cē hān ī xvēd bē sōzed?» MJF 3 hindūgān šahr vazurg; ast ī sard, ud ast ī garm; ast ī tarr, ud ast ī hušk; J 8

kōšk ‘palace, villa, citadel’ < *kaužda-ka-. dar, kōšk ud dastgird. ŠĒŠ 20 diz ud kōšk ud drubuštīh. Dk vi, M 539

namehk/ namak ‘salt’ < *namad-ka- (Parth. nameδk). gōšt ī … namaksūd. RP 58.69

nazdīk ‘near, close’ < *nazdīhk < *nazdi̯ah[a]ka- from nazd ‘near, nearby’, adv. ‘about’ < *nazda- or rather *nazdii̯ah- comp. xvēšān ud nazdīkān. HP II nazdīk ī mardōm ī dušāgāh mā nišīy! HAM 87

nēk ‘good, nice, pretty’ < *nai̯u̯a-ka- < *nai̯ba-ka- (OPers. naiba-, Pers. nēv ‘good, brave’). nēk [ped dīdan]. Vd 1.6

srešk/ srask ‘drop; tears’ < *sras-ka- (Av. sraska-) srešk afsāred, tagarg vāred. Bd 189 srešk ī xvard ud stabr. Dk iii, 108-9

-ak < *a-ka-ka

-ak is often used as a diminutive suffix.

andak ‘little, few; a little’ < *antakaka- (and ‘many, much’). andak āhōg ī xvēš bē virāstan. HOD 42 ēdar drang andak. Dk vi, M 548 andak-āhōg (opp. vas-hunar). Dk iii, M 79

aspak < *aspa-ka-ka- (Pers. ‘little horse; bridge of a musical instrument; organ of an astrolabe’)

hunušak ‘(daēvic) son, progeny; spawn’ (Av. hunu- m., hunuš nom. sg.). vazag ī hazār-hunušak. Vd 18.65 vad-hunušakīh. Dk ix, M 794

kōdak ‘small, young; baby; chicken’ < *kau̯ta-ka-ka-. We also find kōdag < *kau̯ta-ka- (cf. Av. kutaka-). gōved hašāgird ī kōdak. TM 219 eškamb ī kōdak. VZ 30.35 kōdag-būd. TM 106

kūcak ‘small’ < *sku-cii̯a-ka-ka- or kōcak < *kau̯ta-cii̯a-ka-ka-. vidastīgān (vidastīzagān) šahr kūcak, ud xvēš-iz ped tan kūcak. J 10

rēdak ‘young man, lad, page; young of fish’ < *rai̯ta-ka-ka- (cf. Skt. rétas-). rēdak ī aburnāy. MX 29.4 mard ud rēdak ēcand. ASS 14

-uk < *-u-ka-ka-

cābuk ‘agile, nimble; excellent’ < *cāpu-ka-ka- (Armen. čapuk). Note that *cāpu-ka- will yield *cābūg. vastarg cābuk. Dk iii, M 77 brahm ī xūb ud cābuk ud nēk. HKR 7 zōr ud nērōg ud tanvār ud dīdan ud cābukīh. KAP 13.15

nāzuk ‘delicate’ < *nāzu-ka-ka- (cf. Elam. na-su-uk-ka pr. n.), also nāzūg < *nāzu-ka-. hān ī grāmīg nāzuk kālbod. HDM 16

sabuk ‘light, easy; degraded; flippant’ < *çapu-ka-ka- < *θrapu- ka-ka- (Pašt. spuk). kū-t xvard sabuk bavād mā sangīg. Dk ix, M 791 sabuk-menišn (opp. bavandag-menišn). Dk vi, M 488

tanuk ‘thin; small; shallow’ < *tanu-ka-ka- (Bal. tanak ‘thin’. Pers. tanuk āb ‘shallow water’, cf. top. < tanuk-āb-bun). sadvēs tanuk. Vd 5.19 avēšān māhīgān ped tanuk āb pusxvāhišnīh kunend, ped zufr āb zāyend. Bd 113

-āg

The suffix -āg < *-āhka being attached to a present stem forms a noun of agency. See “the verb”, 4.1.3.

Apart from these agent nouns a number of nouns and adjectives appear with the suffix -āg.

abestāg ‘Avesta (language and text)’ < *upastāu̯aka-. dēn ī ast abestāg ud zand. DD 44.2 abestāg stāyišn. Dk viii, M 680

āškārāg ‘manifest, evident, clear’ is the lengthening of āškārag (cf. Paz. āškārā). ast ī ped nēmag ī ohrmazd, ud ast ī ped nēmag ī ahrmen ud jādūgīh āškārāg kunend. J 8

cīdāg ‘pile mark, cairn’ < *citāka- (Parth. šīd, Bal. cēδaγ ‘a cairn erected to commemorate any notable event’, cf. Skt. citā- f., citâgni- m. ‘a funeral pile’). agar cīdāg cīd hē ēg bērōn pēdāg būd hē. Š H

garmāg ‘heat’ from garm ‘warm; hot’ < *garma-. ud bē sarmāg ud garmāg enyā-šān tis-iz pedyārag nēst. MX 7.19

gennāg ‘maleficent, evil’ < *gant-āka- (originally, an agent noun, ‘stinking’. Cf. Parth. gandāg). abesinīdan ī gennāg mēnōg abāg guhūdagān. HOD 55

hamxāg (also haxāg) ‘friend, fellow’ < *haxmā-ka- (Av. G haxman-, haxǝmā nom. sg.). ōy ī hamxāgbēš [kē dōstān bēšed]. Y 65.7 hamxāg ud dōst. Bd 225 hamnāfīg … hamzahagīg … hamxāgīhā. Dk iv, M 410

pavāg (also pāk) ‘pure, saint’ < *pau̯āka-. (Parth.) burzvār rōšn šahr āfrīdag, ku tū māneh, pavāg ud bāmēn. TM 730

pēdāg ‘manifest, evident, revealed’ < *pati-dii̯ā-ka-. rōšn pēdāg. Bd 18 az hān gyāg pēdāg. Vd 2.5

sāg ‘tax, tribute’ < *sāu̯aka- (Armen. sak, Pers. ). sāg ī grān. MŠV sāg ud bāz frēsted. VC 3

sardāg (also sarmāg) ‘cold, coldness’ from sard ‘cold’ < *sarta-. hān ī ka-šān nivinned sardāg aziš frōd višāhān. TM 7981 II

xurmāg/ xurmāg/ armāv ‘date; date-palm’ < *armāu̯aka (Armen. armaw ‘date’, armauastan ‘plantation of dates’, Pers.). urmāg ī hērtīg. HKR 52

-āk

Sometimes old °k(a) remains unvoiced.

bāk ‘fear, fright’ < * bāi̯aka- from bī, bai̯a- ‘to fear’. u-šān marg rāy nē bāk dārend. J 11

pāk (also pavāg) ‘clean, pure, holy’ < *pau̯āka- (Skt. pāvaká-, Parth. pavāg). xvarišn pāk. ĀfM gumbad pāk. VZ 29.7 dandān pāk kuned. XvR II.9

xāk ‘dust, earth’ < *hāhka- < *āhaka-. xāk … xvard ud narm. Dk vi, M 501 dā ō xāk gumixted. Vd 7.50

-an < *-ana

A limited number of Pārsīg nouns come from old derivatives formed by the suffix -ana.

āvahan/ āvahn/ āvān ‘castle’ < *ā-u̯ah-ana- (OPers. āvahana- nt. ‘settlement’). u-š dām hamāg andarōn asmān bē dād āvahan humānāg. Bd 18

hanzaman ‘gathering, assembly, congregation’ < *han-jam-ana- (Av. gam, jam- aor. ‘to gather, assemble’, haṇjamana- nt.). hanzaman ī vehān. CHP 44 hanzaman ī mēnōgān, Dk vi, M 503 andar mān ī ātašān hanzaman kunend. Dk vi, M 538

mēhan ‘home, homestead’ < *mai̯θana- (Av. miθ, maēθ- aor. ‘to dwell’, maēθana- nt.). abrōzišn ī mān ud mēhan. AV 2

rōzan/ rōzǝn ‘window; (light) opening’ < *rau̯cana- (Av. ruc, raoca- ‘to shine’, raocana-/ raocina- adj. ‘light’, nt. ‘light; light opening’). do rōzan ī garōdmān. Bd 190 do rōzan ī abar sar ī xvad hend cašmān. VZ 29.4

sōzan ‘needle’ < *sau̯cana- (Av. suc, saoca- ‘to burn’). sūrāg ī sōzan. ŠGV 5.38 sōzan tēg. J 12

tazan ‘course, flow’ < *tacana- (Av. tac ‘to flow’, afš-tacina- adj.). āb-tazan. Y 42.2

vālan/ gulan ‘commune, limited district’ < * u̯ṛdana < * u̯ṛj-ana-(OPers. vṛdana nt. ‘town’, Av. vǝrǝzə̄ na-/ varǝzāna nt., Pers. ). māništag ī nē vālan. Dk iii, M 131

xvaran ‘banquet, meal’ (cf. Av. °xvarǝna- nt.). az xvaran ul āxist. TM 3 andar xvaran ka pēšgāh nišīyed. RP 56.12

As a living suffix -an may be added to present stems to form nouns.

brēzan ‘oven’ from brēz-/ brištan ‘to roast, fry’ < *brai̯ja(i̯a)- (Paz. brǝž). tanūr ud brēzan. AVN 93 tanūrān ud brēzanān. TM 12

peymōzan ‘dress, raiment’ from peymōz-/ peymuxtan ‘to dress oneself, put on, don’ < *pati-muc, °mau̯ca-. cōn abzīngar kē ped xvēš zīrī az gōnag-gōnag abzīn peymōzan kuned. TM 7983 II peymōzan-ē abrēšum humānāg būd peymuxt dāšt. VZ 21.4

šavan/ šōn ‘way (of acting), manner’ from šav-/ šudan ‘to go’ < *śyu (cf. Av. śyaoθna- nt. ‘action, deed’ from śava-). šōn ud cār ī-š ped abāz dāštan ī duz. Dk viii, M 726

vaxšan ‘growth; kindling, fuel’ from vaxš-/ vaxtan ‘to wax, grow; kindle’ < *u̯axš. hāmis astīh ud vaxšan az bun. Dk iii, M 186 ray vaxšan ādur. PK II, 3.2

vināran ‘establishing’ from vinār-/ vinārdan ‘to establish, set up’ < *u̯i- dārai̯a-. pēdāgīh abzār ī pediš vinardīh xvadāyīh dām vināran. Dk iii, M 136

-ān

The suffix -ān being attached to a present stem forms a present participle. See “The verb”.

The ending °ān being attached to a noun emphasizes its plurality. See “The noun”.

gēhān pl. ‘world (of the living beings); possessions, property’ < * gai̯θānaam (Paz. (Paz. gə̄hą , Pers.). ēn gēhān kē dād? Dk iii, M 252

vārān ‘rain, rain-water’ (Av. vāra- nt.). carb bed cōn vārān. ĀfM ka abr ud vād ud vārān ī škeft baved. Dk viii, M 726

The suffix -ān < *-āna forms the adjectives of belonging and filiation, and also a few adverbs. It also designates the district of a people.

cf. also the suffix -agān.

ābādān ‘flourishing, cultivated, thriving’ < *āpātāna- (ābād ‘prosperous, populous’ < *ā-pāta-). ēn ērānšahr ī ābādān ī hubōy. Bd 217 mānd ī ābādān. Dk ix, M 791

avīrān ‘desolate, ruined, laid waste’ < *abii̯arāna- (cf. Armen. aver, Parāčī. γīrān). deh ī avīrān. ZVY ōbastag ud avīrān. PursEA 17.1 hān ī avīrān ābādān kuned. MX 5.10

bāstān/ bāyestān adv. ‘often’ (Av. bāiδišta- adj., Parth. bāδestān). bāstān ud harv gāh. HAM 9 bāstān dahan višād dāred. VZ 30.16

daštān adj. ‘menstruous’, s. ‘(monthly) period, menstruation’ (cf. Av. daxšta- nt. ‘mark, sign, sign of the menses’, adj.). zan ī daštān. PursEA 33.1 gyāg ī daštān. ŠnŠ 3.6 nasā ud daštān. VZ 27.4

dēlamān/dēlumān top. ‘land of the Dēlam-people’ (Armen. dlmunkʿ). ardavān az kustag kustag cōn az ray ud dumbāvand ud dēlumān ud pedišxvārgar spāh ud āxvarr ārāst. KAP 5.12

garmayagān (or, garmegān) top. ‘land of the Garamaeans, Garamaea’ (Armen. garmakan, Gr. Γαραμαία) glmykn ud syārazūr. N P 33

jāyēdān adj. ‘eternal, perennial’, adv. ‘eternally, for ever’ < *i̯āu̯ai̯tāna- from jāyēd (Parth. yāvēd, yāvēdān). jāyēdān ī jāyēdān. Ps 131.12 būd bōxtag ō jāyēdān, ud ul ahrāft ō vahišt, ō hān šahr īg farroxān. TS 9

pābagān patr. ‘(son) of Pābāg’, adj. ‘belonging to Pābag’. ōy bay ardaxšēr šāhān šāh ī pābagān. Dk iv, M 412 nibištag andar staxr ī pābāgān ped diz ī nibišt nihād ēstād. AVN 1.5

ušyārān adv. ‘wisely’ from ušyār ‘intelligent; careful’. rāstīh ī dēn mazdesn bē dāned ušyārān ped uskārišn ōstīgīhā tuvān [bē] ped stī dīdan. Dk iv, M 413

vištāspān ‘of Vištāspa (son of V., of the family of V., belonging to V.)’. vištāspān dūdag. Dk viii, M 737 pas avēšān dastvarān may ud mang ī vištāspān si jām ī zarrēn purr kird. AVN 2.15

-ānag < *āna-ka-

It is an adjective-forming suffix.

dēvānag ‘demonic, mad’ < *dai̯u̯ānaka- (Av. daēva-, OPers. daiva- m.). hān tan dēvānag baved. Dk iii, M 112

jāyēdānag ‘eternal’ (Parth. yāvēdānag, Paz. jāβadąnaa) from jāyēd, cf. also jāyēdān. u-mān ō vazurg farrah ud dīdēm īg jāyēdānag arzān kunānd. TM 801a mardōm jāyēdānag ahōš ud amarg ud azarmān. J 19 jāyēdānag nēkravišnīh. ŠGV 4.80

mardānag adj. ‘manly, virile; valiant’ < *martāna-ka- (mard ‘man’ < *martii̯a-, OPers. martiya-, Bactr. μαρδανο), mardānagīh ‘virility, valiance’ (Sogd. mǝrtānyā). hunar ud mardānagīh. KAP 2.18

But murdiyānag, name of the first woman, comes from *martii̯ānī- (> murdiyān) + *-ka- (> -ag). gōvišn īg abar gehmurd murdiyānag. TM 7984 I

meyānag adj. ‘middle, medium(-sized), intermediate’, s. ‘centre’ < *madi̯ānaka- (Av. maiδyāna- nt., Pers. agrī ud meyānag ud nidum. Dk viii, M 715 hāsr ī meyānag. F 27.1

-agān

-agān < *-akāna is an adjective-forming suffix to denote ‘belonging to, connected to’; the denominal adjectives become substantivized names. Sogd. /-ǝkān/

āfrīnagān lit. ‘belonging to the benediction’, the blessing- ceremony < *āfriu̯anakāna-, from āfrīn ‘blessing, praise, prayer; (spiritual) creation’ (Av. āfrivana- nt., Parth. āfrīvan). āfrīnagān ī gāhāmbār. A 3

dāvīdagān ‘member of the house of David, Davidian’, from dāvīd pr. n. cē-šān ānōh nihād gāhūg ī dāyvarān rāy, gāhūg ī dāvīdagān. Ps 1212.5

dehagān ‘countryman; landlord’ from deh ‘land, country; village’ (OPers. dahyu- f.). deh sālār ud dehagān. Dk viii, M 734

gravagān ‘(what is held as) a pledge’ from grav s. ‘pledge, pawn’, adj. ‘captured’ < *grabH-a- (Armen. grawakan ‘pawn, pledge, security, mortgage’). mard-ē kē xvāstag ped mard-ē gravagān kuned. PursĀF 68

kirdagān ‘(religious) service, rite’ < *kṛtakāna-, kird ppp. ‘done, made; celebrated’, s. ‘fact, reason’. amāh abar yazdān xīr ud kirdagān toxšem. ŠKZ 35 ped zamān zamān az kirdagān sust ud frāmōš bavend. TM 47 II yazišn ud kirdagān ī yazdān. Dk iii, M 219

nāmagān ‘relating to the name’, nāmagānīh ‘commemoration of the name’ from nām < *nāman-. stūrgar ī gumārd ēsted stūrīh nē rāyēned bun kadag bē višōb<ed>, ud nāmagānīh bē abganed. DD 60

ruvānagān ‘relating to the soul’, s. ‘soul-work, pious foundation’ < *ruu̯ānakāna-, from ruvān (Av. urvan-/ urun- m., Parth. arvānagān). bōyestān, raz, kadag, sāyag, ruvānagān ast, niyūšāgān ō dēn kunend. TM 47 II

sāsānagān ‘descendant of Sāsān’. sāsān ī šābestān ī sāsānagān. ŠKZ 34

šāhagān ‘royal’ (šāh ‘king, OPers. xšāyaθya-). ganz ud xvāstag ī šāhagān. J 16

vāspuhragān lit. ‘belonging to vāspuhr (being a vṛddhi formation of vispuhr < *u̯isah puθra ‘family’s son’)’, adj. ‘proper, peculiar’, s. ‘dowry’ (Armen. sephakan ‘appropriate, special, proper, particular’, vaspurakan name of a province). hān ī ō xvēš vāspuhragān pedīrag. Dk iv, M 425

vāzāragān lit. ‘belonging to the fair’, ‘merchant, trader’ from vāzār ‘market’ (Armen. vačaṙakan). kāravān ī vāzāragānān. ŠGV 4.25 nišān ī vāzāragān kē ganz harrōbed. TM 2 I

zarduštagān ‘connected to Zaraθuštra’, a Zoroastrian. ped anīz zardruštagān nibēg. TM 16 kustīg ī zarduštagān. PDK 55

The suffix -agān is used to denote a number of annual festivals.

āduragān festival ‘of Fire’ < *āθrakāna- (cf. Armen. ahekani).. آذر جشن (بريوين، القانون)

mihragān festival ‘of Miθra’ (cf. Armen. mehekani). nōgrōz ud mihragān ud abārīg jašnīhā. Dk iii, M 402

tīragān festival ‘of Tīra, or Tištrya’.

-(g)ānag

The word bēgānag ‘outsider, stranger; strange’ is derived from the g extenstion of bē ‘out’ (cf. Sogd. βēk) and the suffix -ānag. mard-ē ī bēgānag. Dk iii, M 76 bēgānag az dēn māzden. Dk iv, M 414 uzdehīgīh ud bēgānagīh. J 16

-āy (Parth. -ān)

The suffix -āy forms substantives of extension. It may be traced back to the old *-ād-a-, *-āu̯an-, *-āu̯ā/ *-āu̯i̯a.

bālāy ‘height, stature’ < *bard-ād(a)- < *barj́° (Av. barǝzan- m., barǝzah- nt. ‘height’). bālāy meyānjīg. HKR 96 yašt-ē kuned ud zamīg si-nēzag-bālāy ul šaved. RP 48.98

bašnāy ‘height; stature; top’ < *baršn° (Parth. bašnān. Cf. Av. barǝšnu- m. ‘height’). drist visāy, bašnāy-um vazurg, drist visāy, cihr-um bāmēv, drist visāy, dēs-um rōzag. TM 842

drahnāy/ dranāy < *darg° ‘length; duration’ (cf. OPers. darga- adj. ‘long’). andar dranāy ī dah sāl. Dk vii, M 626 hāsr-ē drahnāy. VZ 4.5 drānāy ī zīg. ŠGV 4.41

drāzāy ‘length’ < *drāj° (Av. drājah- nt., Skt. drāghimán- m. ‘length’, Pers.). andar abarag xvarāsān ērag ud xvarnivār ud bālāy u zufrīh pahnāy u drāzāy. TM 535

pahnāy ‘breadth’ < *paθan° (Av. paθana- adj. ‘broad, wide’, Khot. pattanai ‘palate of mouth’). gētīg pahnāy abāg dranāy rāst. Bd 189

zafrāy/ zufrāy ‘depth’ (Av. jafra- adj., jąfnu- m., Parth. žafrān), also zufāy, zahā. az-um zafrāy xvand hē xvadāy yazd ī man. Ps 129.1 zufāy ī tamag. ŠGV 1.49 u-š ped zufāy ud ped bārist nīšānd. TM 6120 I zahā ī fragān. Dk viii, M 755

There are some other words with the suffix -ā(y).

agrā(y), agrāv ‘worthy, noble, fine’ < *argāu̯an- (Parth. arγāv). u-m dēn mazdesn ud mogmard ī xūb andar šahr agrā ud pedixšarānd kird. KSM 20 mahrān agrāvān ī zīndakkarī. T S9 & S 13

ahlā(y)/ ardā(y) ‘righteous, truthful’ < *ṛtāu̯an-, ṛtāu̯ā (OPers. artāvan, Av. aṣāvan-, Parth. ardāv), ahlāyīh ‘righteousness, truthfulness’ (Paz. ašahī). ahlāyīh dōšārm. Ā 3.7 kirbakkar bed cōn ardā fravard. ĀfM gōvāgān, ardāvān ud vizīdagān. TS 9 ahlāyīh varz! Ardā V 58

bāzā ‘arm’ < *bāzāu̯a-m (Av. bāzu- m.). pāy abar ēn zamīg dārend ud ped sar ud bāzā asmān ul. TM 308 hān ī xvēš bāzā. Dk vii, M 651

nasā(h) ‘(dead) body, corpse; carrion’ < *nasāu̯a-m (Av. nasu-, Parth. nasāv). hixr ud nasā. Petit, 5 abar pus ī nasāhēn griyem. TM 45

pādixšāy ‘sovereign; authoritative; authorized’ < *pāti-xšā-u̯an- (Sogd. pātǝxšāvǝn, Parth. pādixšān, Paz. pādišāh). frēzvānīg … ped xvēš ēsted … nē pādixšāy. Dk viii, M 734 zurvān pādixšāy. ĀfM

xvadāy / xvadāvan ‘lord; master; sovereign’ < *hu̯atāu̯i̯a-/ *hu̯atāu̯an- (Sogd. xutāv). haft kišvar xvadāy. HKR 20 ō xvadāy pērōzxusrav. PLA 2

-īg < *-ii̯aka-

The adjective-forming suffix -īg (later -ī) is the most common suffix of relational adjectives. It is added to a number of nominal forms and present stems.

abāxtarīg ‘northern, septentrional’ from abāxtar s. ‘the north’, adj. ‘of the north’ (Av. apāxtara-, apāxǝδra- adj.). vād ī abāxtarīg. Yt 3.9

ādehīg ‘belonging to the country, countryman, indigenous’. This formation is secondary, because *ādeh also is adjective (cf. Av. ā.dax́ yu- adj. ‘who is inside the country’). abar ādehīg ud uzdehīg. Dk viii, M 699

uzdehīg ‘belonging to a foreign country, foreign; exiled’ (cf. Av. uz-dax́ yu- adj. ‘who is outside the country’, Parth. ezdeh). ō uzdehīgīh ud bēgānīh ud saxtīh rased. J 16

andarvāyīg (andarvāzīg) ‘pertaining to the air, airy, atmospheric’ < *antara-u̯ād/zii̯a-ka-, from andarvāy (andarvāz) ‘intermediate space, air, atmosphere’ (Parth. andarvāzīg, cf. Khot. haṃdrauyssī). vēnišnīg andarvāyīgān. Dk iv, M 417 (Parth.) mardōhmagān tanbār murγān andarvāzīg. TM 6221

bāmīg ‘radiant, luminous’ < *bāmii̯a-ka- (Av. bāmya- adj., Armen. bamik. Pers. bām ‘beam of light; splendour; dawn’ < *bāma-). bāmīg bed cōn vēzan. ĀfV kangdiz syāvaxš ī bāmīg kird abar kamāl ī dēvān. J 7 māh bāmīg. NS 2

bārīg ‘keen, thin, fine, subtle’. The substantive bār is lost (Av. °bāra- m. ‘cutting edge’. Cf. Bal. bāraγ ‘fine, lean’, Armen. barak ‘fine, tender’). meyān bārīg. HKR 96 bārīg ud dārmag. ŠGV 10.79 bārīg ud tēz. VZ 30.16

darīg adj. ‘belonging to the court’, s. ‘courtier, court dignitary’ from dar ‘door; court’ < *du̯ar- (cf. Skt. dauvārika- m. ‘porter’). abursām ī šābuhr ī darīgān sālār. ŠKZ 33

dādestānīg ‘law-abiding, judicious, constitutional’ (Paz. dāestąnī) from dādestān (also dāyestān) ‘judgment, verdict, sentence; law, rule’ < *dāta-stāna-. nam ohrmazd-iz xvadāy ī mahist tuvānīg dānāg dādār pāk parvardār pānag xvābar kirbakkar abaxšāyīdār abēzag veh dādestānīg ud hamāgzōr. NS 1

dēnīg ‘religious; devotee; scriptural’ from dēn ‘religion; Avesta’ < *dai̯anā-. dēnīg bed cōn vištāsp šāh. ĀfM abarrasišnīh ī judgōhr ī dēnīg ebgad nām. Dk iii, M 279

ēvarzīg ‘moving, who moves about’ from ēvarz ‘conveyance; journey; movement’ < *adi-u̯arca-. ēvarzīg kas. Dk viii kāravān-ēvarzīg mardōmān. Dk iii, M 283

gētīg ‘worldly, mundane; terrestrial’, s. ‘world, universe’ < *gai̯θii̯a-ka- (Av. gaēθya- adj.), also gētīgīg adj. gētīg bunēštag mā dāred. Dk iii, M 216 gētīgīg ādān ‘worldly goods’

jahišnīg ‘accidental’ from jahišn ‘accident; chance’ < *zgaθašna-. vināh jahišnīg. Dk vi, M 475

pārsīg ‘Persian’ from pārs ‘Persia’ (OPers. pārsa- ‘Persia; Persian’. Cf. Skt. pārasīka- m.). pārsīg mardōm. DA 41 abzaxyā ī pārsīg. TM 3 sāl ī pārsīg. Bd 240

sahīg ‘distinctive; conspicuous’ from *sah (Av. °sad- ‘appearance, look’, saδā- f.). arzumand ud sahīg. RP 31a.1 ASS : abdīh ud sahīgīh ī sagestān.

tagīg ‘swift; valiant’ from tag cognate with tahm (Av. taxman-). tēz ud tagīg bed cōn mihr. ĀfM srōš ī tagīg. SS 7

tārīg (also tārīk) ‘dark’ < *tanθrii̯a-ka- (Av. tąθrya-, Paz. tārīk). rāh tārīg bīmgen. HOD 29 jud kuned zīndagān az murdagān, rōšnān az tārīgān, ud bōxtagān az andraxtagān. TM 798a

uspurrīg ‘complete’ from uspurr < *us-pṛna- (cf. Av. aspǝrǝnah- nt. ‘completeness’). nē pedīrišnīg nē uspurrīg. NM 1, 4, 12

The suffix -īg also produces substantives.

cāšnīg ‘taste; ritual tasting’ < *cāxšnii̯a-ka-. mizag ī cāšnīg ī hān xvarišn. HDV 7

darzīg ‘tailor, mender of clothes’ < *darz-ii̯aka- (Arab. ترزی). kafškar mōzag ī darzīg dōzed, darzīg jāmag ī kafškar vīrāyed. MGA 5

kustīg ‘(sacred) girdle’ from kust ‘side, flank, direction, region’ (Armen. kušt ‘side, belly’, kʿust ‘side, direction’). kustīg nišān ī dēn rāy bastag dāštan. PXĀ

rōdīg ‘intestine’ < *rau̯ti̯a-ka-. harv cē vēš-gumēzišnīgdar ped rōdīg spōzed. Bd 194

rōzīg ‘daily lot, sustenance’ from rōz ‘day’ (Armen. ṙočik, ).رزق Arab. sāmān ī mizd ī rōzīg. Dk viii, M 725 kam-rōzīg ud vad-zīvišn. ŠGV 14.67

šabīg ‘(sacred) shirt’ from šab ‘night’ (Armen. šapik ‘shirt, chemise, shift’). abar šabīg ud kustīg. Dk viii, M 736

vāzīg ‘game, play’ < *u̯āzii̯a-ka-. dašnag-vāzīg ud varz-vāzīg. HKR 62

vēnīg ‘nose; nostril’ from vēn ‘breath’ (Av. vaēnā- f. ‘nose’, Kurd. bên ‘smell, nose’, Bal. gīn ‘breath’). vēnīg virāyed ud dast šōyed. XvR I

xvardīg ‘food’ < *hu̯artii̯aka- (cf. Arab. خرديق a kind of broth). āfrīn ast xvadāy kē nē dād-em xvardīg ō-šān dandān. Ps 123.6 pahlum xvaštar xvardīg. Dk vi, M 549

zarīg ‘sorrow, regret’ < *zarii̯aka- (cf. Pers. ). hān kenīg az zarīg ba murd. TM 2 I zarīg ud bēš. Dk iii, M 165

zēndānīg ‘prison governor’ from zēndān ‘prison’. nādūg ī zēndānīg. ŠKZ 34 kird-uš nasāh ud zēndān, u-š bast gyān vidrāy. u-m, zēndānīg ×abar hend dēv, druxš, ud harv perīg. TS 9

The suffix -īg is used to form ordinals. See “the numerals”.

-ānīg < *-ānii̯aka-

The suffix -ānīg is the merging of the suffix -ān and the adjective-forming suffix -īg.

arzānīg ‘worthy, deserving, meritorious’ from arz ‘value, worth’ < *arjah-. hamāgzōr meh ud veh kē-šān ped ēn myazd arzānīg kird. SS 15

bayānīg ‘divine, godlike’ from bay ‘god, lord’ < *baga- (Parth. baγānīg). dāšin bayānīg. TM 74 I

frēstagānīg ‘relating to the apostles, apostolical’ from frēstag ‘messenger, apostle’ < *frai̯šta-ka-. (Parth.) frazāft: frēstagānīg. TS 18-19

gāhānīg ‘pertaining to the Gāθic-lore’ from gāh (Av. gāθā- f.), rendering Av. gāθβya- adj. andar gāhānīg hadamānsrīg ud dādīg, andar hadamānsrīg gāhānīg ud dādīg, ud andar dādīg gāhānīg ud hadamānsrīg. Dk viii, M 678

pahlavānīg ‘Parthian’ from pahlav ‘Parthia’ < *parθau̯a- (OPers. parθava- ‘Parthia; Parthian’). kē pahlavānīg dibīrī ud ezvān dānist. TM 2 I

pasānīg ‘follower, courtier’ from pas < *pasca- (OPers. pasā ‘after’, Av. pasca, Parth. paš, Pers. pasā). adīd hend pasānīgān. TM 3

šabānīg ‘of the night’ from šab ‘night’ < *xšap- (OPers. xšap- f.). (Parth.) harvīn zādagān tārīg ud šabānīg. TM 1202

yamagānīg ‘linked to the two yamag holy days’ from yamag ‘two holy days’ < *i̯ama-ka- (Av. yima-/ yə̄ ma- m. ‘twin’).

The word byaspānīg ‘post(-horse)’ comes from byaspān ‘(royal) envoy, courier, messenger’ < *bi-aspāna-. asp ud astar ud uštar tazag ud stōr ī byaspānīg. HKR 99

-īgān < *-ii̯akāna-

The suffix -īgān is the merging of the adjective-forming suffix -īg and the suffix -ān. Notice that it does not change the aspect (substantive, adjective) of the word.

fravardīgān ‘festival of the Fravaṣi, the principal holidays for the remembrance of the dead’ from fravard/ fravahr ‘pre-soul’ < *frau̯arti- (Av. fravaṣi- f.). ped fravardīgān ped bun-xānag kahas-ē nōg kuned. N 47

māhīgān ‘month’ from māh ‘moon; month’ < *māh- (Av. māh- m., OPers. māhi-). az nēmmāh, šāzdah ped māhīgān, dā ō abēdāg māh, vīst ud nō ped māhīgān. TM 7980 II

hōstīgān ‘firm, reliable, steadfast’ from ōst ‘firm’ < *au̯a-sta- (Armen. ostikan means ‘guard, constable’, also translates Gr. ἐπίσκοπος ‘bishop; overseer’, Paz. ōstyą). u-m ka xvēš dastgird ōstīgān kird. N P 8 meyān ōy dēsmān, āz ud ahrmen ud dēvān ud perīgān rāy, bannestān ēv hōstīgān kun. TM 7981 I

sālīgān ‘year’s day, anniversary’ from sāl ‘year’ < *sard-. u-š sālīgān ped rōzgār ī xvēš dārišn. RP 1.3

The word šāhīgān ‘palace’ comes from šāh ‘king’ (Sogd. šāykǝn ‘palace’). vahman rōz … ō dar ī šāhīgān šudan. MSR 2 (Parth.) pad arγāvīft pad šāhīgān bar frāx adīhed ud azīhed. TM 6031

vābarīgān ‘true, verified, valid, trustworthy’ from vābar ‘true, trustworthy’ < *u̯āu̯ara- (Armen. vawerakan ‘valid, authentic, in force’). ped dānišn vābarīgān vazurgīhā āmixt hend. TM 8251 II vābarīgān mard. HAM 61 muhr ī vābarīgān. MHD 93

The word gēhānīgān ‘worldlings, mundani’ is indeed pl. of gēhānīg ‘inhabitant of the world; secular’. meyān šāh ud gēhānīgān. Dk iii, M 161

-jīg, -zīg

The ethnic suffix -zīg < *-cii̯a-ka- denotes the one living in a certain area (Sogd. -cīk).

meyānjīg ‘intermediate’ from meyān ‘middle, center; waist’ < *madi̯āna- (Av. G maidya- adj., maiδyāna- nt., Parth. maδyān, Sogd. miδān) , Sogd. <myδʾnčyk> (C <mydʾnčyq>) /meδāncīk/ ). vizīdār ī cim dast-abar-nihād ī hamēdōn-š vurravišn meyānjīgīhā ped rāh ī xrad. CHP 2

marvzīg ‘belonging to the district of Marv, a native of Marv’ from marv < *margu- (Opers. margu-, Av. marγu-, mouru-.). spēdvaft ī marvzīg. HKR 17

rāzīg ‘inhabitant of Ray’ from ray/ rāy < *ragā- (*rāga- is a vṛddhi form of ragā-. OPers. raga-, Av. raγā-). do-pūdag ī rāzīg. HKR 17

sagzīg ‘belonging to Sagestān, a Saka-man’ from sag < *saka- (OPers. saka- ‘Scythia; Scythian’). ohrmazd ī sagzīg andar bē-viderišnīh ped handarz ō hāvištān ī xvēš guft kū … Dk vi, M 574

-cān

The suffix -cān produces adjectives or ethnica (Parth. -cān, Sogd. -cānē).

garmayagcān (or, garmegcān) ‘Garamaean’. u-šān xān garmēgcān dādan. N P 7

-cān

The suffix -cān (Sogd. -ānc) is used for nouns indicating female persons.

niyōšāgcān ‘a female hearer, auditrix’ (Parth. (Parth. niγōšāgcān , Sogd. nγwšʾkʾnch), niyōšāgbedcān ‘chief auditrix’ (Sogd. nγwšʾqptʾnc).

vizīdagcān ‘a female chosen one, electa’. vizīdagcānān ud niyōšāgcānān. TM 101

-cīn

The suffix -cīn forms adjectives ‘belonging to …, coming from …’ (Parth. -cīn).

andiyoxcīn ‘of Antioch’. narseh ī andiyoxcīn xvadāy. N P 93

-īzag (-cag), rarely -īsag

The suffix -īzag < *ii̯a-ca-ka- (also -cag) is diminutive (Sogd. -īčak).

cašmīzag* ‘a medical black grain’ < *cašmii̯acaka-.

dumbīzag/ dumīzag ‘little tail; coccyx, rump’ from dum(b) ‘tail’ (Av. duma- m.). dumbīzag fravaš ī zardušt ī spitamān. ŠnŠ 11.4

dušīzag ‘maiden, virgin, miss’ from duxš ‘maiden; princess’ < *duxθrī-/ duxçī- f. agar hān zan dušīzag ud agar hān zan vehdēn. PursEA 42.1 az ham jehūdān zan-ē ī ped dušīzagīh āšnāg būd. ŠGV 15.5

kadīzag ‘small house, cottage’ from kadag < *katii̯acaka-. kadīzag ī bē kird xānag baved. J 16

kenīzag (also kanīzag) ‘little girl, maiden; maid-servant’ from kenīg < *kanii̯acaka- (Parth. kanīžag, Pers.,). pas hān-z zan, ī kanīzag ī vayūg mād, handēšīd. TM 45 bannag ud kenīsag. ŠVŠ 16 harv ēvēnag peristišn hān kenīzag kird ēstād ‘that maid had performed any kind of service’. KAP 3.1

kulīzag ‘bun; cookie’ < *kurdii̯acaka- (cf. Gr. κόλλιξ, Pers. ka gundag dād [kulīzag]. Vd 3.32

maškīzag ‘table-cloth’ from mašk ‘skin, hide; leather’ (OPers. maškā-). maškīzag az man karend kē sūr abar virāzend. DA 60

murvīzag ‘little bird; sparrow’ from murv ‘bird’ (Av. mǝrǝγa-. Gīl. malīje ‘sparrow’). ka-š murvīzag-ē xvard ēsted dast andar vināh dāred. VAM 15

nāyīzag ‘small canal’ from nāy ‘cane; pipe, canal’ (Skt. nāl, Pers. cašmagān (S cašmag) ī ardvīsūr hamē tazend ō nēmrōz, kōf ī harburz, ānōh ē-sad-hazār nāyīzag ī zarrēn kird ēsted. Bd 82

vidastīzag ‘short span-sized (man)’ from vidast/ videst ‘(hand) span’ < u̯itasti- (Paz. vitaštīzak). vidastīgān (vidastīzagān) šahr kōcak, ud xvēš-iz ped tan kōcak, bē nizūmān ud zīr, peristār ud bannag. J 10

xūgīzag/ xūkcag ‘piglet’ from xūg/ hūg ‘pig, hog’ (Av. hū-, Pers. gōspend ēk, xūkcag ēk, murv si. P 29 (Berlin)

It may be added to an adjective.

pākīzag ‘clean’ from pāk adj.‘clean, pure, holy’. u-šān pāk ud pākīzag nēst. J 10

-īh

The function of the suffix -īh (later -ī) < *-ii̯aθu̯a(Parth. -īft, -īf) is to derive abstract nouns from nominals.

ābādānīh ‘prosperity; cultivation; inhabited place’ from ābādān adj. ‘flourishing, cultivated, thriving’ < *āpātāna-. varz ud ābādānīh kirdan. CHP 8 ābādānīh ud nēkīh ud pedīxīh ud huzīvišnīh. Dk vi, M 540

abāgīh ‘company, concomitance, companionship’ from abāg prep. ‘with, along with’, adj. ‘joined, concomitant’ < *upākai̯. dōšārm ud abāgīh ud hampursagīh. Dk vi, M 579 avēšān bē raft hend ped abāgīh. Dk vii, M 625

abāzīh ‘back-down; retreat, falling back’ from abāz prev., adv. ‘back, behind, again, re-’, adj. < *apāc-ā (Av. apåṇc- adj., apąš nom. sg. m. used as an adv. < *apānkš, Skt. ápāṅ, Paz. aβāž), opp. frāzīh. ēkānagīh ka-š abāzīh nēst. AV 101 ped frāzīh [ped pēšubāyīh] ayāb ped abāzīh [ped pasubāyīh]. Dk vii, M 663

abdīh ‘wonder, marvellousness’ from abd adj. ‘wondrous, admirable’ (Av. abda- adj.). var abdīh (opp. jādūgīh vidimās). Dk iii, M 181hamuxt … vas abdīh. Dk vii, M 598

abdumīh ‘finality, end’ from abdum adj.‘last, final’, adv. ‘finally’ < *apa-tama-. ud mihr ud zurvān ī akanārag, ud mēnōg dādestān kē ped ēc kas nē druzed, ud baxt ud bayōbaxt, hāmōyēn dām ud dahišn ī ahrmen ud ped abdumīh āz-iz dēv bē zanend. MX 8.15 ō man gō, šahriyār aryāmān, u-m abhum, pus ī frihistum, abar zamān ī-t āmadišnīh, ka ped abdumīh āy! TS9

abēdādīh ‘injustice, lawlessness’ from abē < *apa-i̯t and dād < *dāta- (Armen. apirat ‘iniquitous, flagitious’). ped abēdādīh ēn ērānšahr ō višōbišn ud bār ī grān rased. J 16

abēgumānīh ‘freedom from doubt, certainty’ from gumān ‘doubt, suspicion’ < *u̯i-manah- (Paz. abə̄gumąnī). gumānīh ud abēgumānīh zōt gōbišn; šnūman rāspīgān pursišn, u-š šnūman ped dast nimāyišn. RP 58.39

āgāhīh ‘information, awareness; knowledge’ from āgāh ‘knowing, aware’ < *ākāθa- < *ā-kās-i̯a- ‘to view, recognize’. kundāgīh ud āgāhīh. J 13 āgāhīh ud dānišn. Dk iv, M 429 hān ī zand āgāhīh. Bd 2

agrāyīh ‘nobility, excellence’ from agrā(y) < *agrāu̯an-, *agrāu̯ā (Parth. arγāvīft) u-m vahrām-iz šāhān šāh hān hamgōnag ped agrāyīh ud pedixšar dāred. KKZ 6 abar handarz ō spāh ud pēdāgēnīdan ī nāmcištīg kār ī andar kušišn ēk ēk bahr ud agrāyīh nivēyēnīdan ī ō spāh pādāšn ī kirdārān guftan … Dk viii, M 731 nēkīh ud agrāyīh. MX 2.28

ahlāyīh (also ardāyīh) ‘truthfulness; sanctity; the formula Aṣǝm Vohū’ from ahlā(y) ‘righteous, saint’ < *artau̯an- (Parth. ardāvīft). xvāyišn ī ahlāyīh [kār ud kirbag]. Y 28.4 abēzag ahlāy-āyōz bizešk. Dk iii, M 164 ahlāyīh-mizdīh ‘the reward of truthfulness’ (cf. Av. aṣō.mižda- adj.). Dk ix, M 807

ahlemōgīh ‘heresy’ from ahlemōg/ ašemōg ‘heretic’ (Av. aṣǝmaoγa- m.). peccībāst ayāb ahlemōgīh. Dk vi, M 481

āmadišnīh ‘coming’ = āmadišn. abar āmadišnīh ī mardān pusar. TM 473 cō man gō, šahriyār aryāmān, u-m abhum, pus ī frihistum, abar zamān ī-t āmadišnīh, ka ped abdumīh āy! TS9

amāvandīh ‘strength; impetuosity’ from amāvand ‘strong, mighty’ (Av. amavaṇt-/ ə̄ mavaṇt- adj.). amāvandīh ud pērōzgarīh. Dk ix, M 787 pērōzīh … bōxtīh … amāvandīh. J 3 amāvandīh ud vazurgīh ud pērōzgarīh ī ohrmazd. HOD 55

anērīh ‘barbarity, ignobility’ from anēr ‘non-Aryan, ignoble’ (Av. an-airya- adj.). dēn pedyārag adēnīh ud anērīh. Dk vi, M 527 anērān ud ērān gumēzīhend ēdōn kū ērīh az anērīh pēdāg nē baved. J 16

apēdagīh ‘stray’ from apēdag/ abēdag ‘lost, strayed’ < *upa-i̯ata- ka- (or, *apa-ita-ka-?). pas ped apēdagīh gīred. Dk viii, M 709

astīh ‘being, existence’ from ast ‘is, exists’, adj. ‘existing, which exists now’, s. ‘that which is, the present’ (Paz. hast), opp. nēstīh, anastīh. harv astīh ud hamēvīg-astīh. DD 44.7 tis tis astīh abar brīdagīhā dā abāg cē abrīdagīhā cand ēvēnag. Dk iv, M 417

aštagīh ‘mission’ from aštag ‘emissary, messenger’ < *ašta-ka- (Av. ašta- m.) aštagīh ī ahlavfravahr zardušt. Dk M 947

āštīh ‘peace, concord’ from āšt adj. ‘reconciled’ < *āxšta- (Av. āxšta- adj.), s. ‘peace’ < *āxšti- (Av. āxšti- f., Parth. āštīf). mēnōg āštīh. Dk vii, M 624 rādīh ud āštīh ud agēnīh. Bd 218 āštīh ud hamīh veh. MJF 2

āyādīh ‘reminder’ or āyādagīh ‘id.’ from āyād ‘memory; memorandum’ < *abii̯āti- (Parth. aβyād, Khot. byāta- ‘memory’). bāstān āyādagīh ī frasāvand-xvadāyīh, cē az frasāvandxvadāyīh āyādīh ī ōy ī dahebed a-mōšišnīh baved ī dānāg dahyubed ped bahr ī frasāvandxvadāyīh ō xvēšīh ī afrasāvand ruvān āvurd ī az frāx ābādīh pāyramīg ud vazurg šnōm ī abar gēhān ī ōy dahebed šāyed būd. Dk iii, M 134

āzādīh, also āzādī ‘freedom, liberty; nobility; thanks’ from āzād ‘free; noble’ < *ā-zāta- (Av. āzāta- adj. ‘high-born’). bē-šān āzādīh ped tan mehmān nē baved. J 16 āzādīh ī ruvān az dušox. Dk ix, M 806 bām ud agrāyī az ōy niyāg ī-mān āzādī ō jāyēdān. TM 36

azkūīh ‘from whereabouts, origin’ from azkū ‘from where, whence’ (az ‘from’, kū ‘where’). abēušīh ōn būd kū-š pākīh ud azkūīh ī may nē dānist. ŠGV 14.54

bālistīh ‘highness, exaltedness’ from bālist ‘highest, top; exaltation’ (Av. barǝzišta- superl. of bǝrǝzaṇt-). ēn nimūdār būd kū-š dēn ped cahār bār ō bālistīh rased. VZ 21.3

bazagīh ‘sin, evil, crime’ from bazag (Parth. bazagīft). zan az bē-tōhmag ped peyvann rāyēnīdan … bazagīh. Dk iii, M 217 rasend dādīhā druvandān ō dušox, cē-šān xvad kird bazagī ud vinyūdī īg bazakkarān. TM 28 I

bizeškīh/ bišehkīh ‘healing (art), medical science, medicine’ from bizešk/ bišehk ‘doctor, physician’. marzangōš bōy ēdōn cōn bōy ī bizeškīh. HKR 86 ba ōhāy ēn bišehkīh rāy ud ēn darmān burdan rāy abāyišn hed! TM 3

bōxtārīh ‘salvation’ from bōxtār (Av. baoxtar- m., baoxtārǝm, Paz. buxtārī). bōxtārīh ī ruvān ī xvēš. HAM 135 bōxtārīh-nimūdār ī dāmān. Dk iii, M 161

carbīh ‘mildness; fattiness’ from carb ‘fat, unctuous, fatty’ < *carpa-. ped tis xvāstan carbīh veh. DGO

cōnīh (ciyōnīh/ ciˁōnīh/ ceōnīh) ‘quality; manner’ from cōn/ ciyōn/ ciˁōn/ ceōn adv., conj. < *cii̯at-gau̯nam (Parth. cavāγōn). xvadīh ud cōnīh ud candīh. ŠGV 16.75

dādārīh ‘creatorship; creative properties; giving’ from dādār ‘giver; creator’(Av. dātar- m.). dādārīh ud parvardārīh ud pānagīh. Dk ix, M 801

dādīgīh ‘legality, law’ from dādīg ‘lawful; legal; concerned with the Law’ < *dātii̯a-ka-. dabrīh ī dādīgīh brādrod ud xvābarīh hamēstār. Dk iii, M 328

dardīh (also dardagīh) ‘pain, suffering’ from dard ‘pain’. az dušmenādīh dardīh ud mihrdruzīh baved. Dk vi, M 562

dibīrīh ‘scribeship, (art of) writing’ from dibīr ‘scribe; secretary’. cašm ī rōšn dibīrīh ast. HAM 58

doīh ‘duality; dualism; duplicity’ from do ‘2’ < *duu̯a- (Av. dva-). do bahr nimūdan cim ī dāštan ī kustīg ped meyān; ped hangōšīdagīh-iz nimūdārīh ud pēdāgēnīdārīh abar-z xvēš gird nišān ī doīh. PDK 47-48

dūrīh ‘remoteness; distance’ (opp. nazdīkīh) from dūr ‘far, distant’ (OPers. dūra-). ped hān ī gōbed kū “mardōm bazag xvad kunend”, ā-š xvēš tan ped dūrīh ī az bazag abāg ahrmen hambāy kird. ŠGV 11.277

dušbarišnīh ‘ill-treatment, misbehaviour, intolerence’ from duš-barišn. nēk husāzagīh ka-š višuftārīh nēst; rāstīh ka-š dušbarišnīh nēst. AV 92-93

dušīh ‘evil, wickedness, malice’ (opp. huīh) from duš ‘evil, bad; ill-’ (Av. duš°, duž°, Paz. dōšī). frārōn ped huīh … abārōn ped dōšīh. VZ 30.38

ēnīh ‘similarity’ from ēn ‘this’. tis-iz āmēzišn ud pessāzišn ud bannišn ī abāg ēnīh andar būdan nē pēdāg. TM 9 II

frazendīh ‘being a child; filial (relation)’ from frazend ‘offspring, child, son’. rōšn frazendīh. TM 236 (+ M 4627, M 8180)

frāzīh ‘furtherance; prominence’ from frāz adj., adv., prep., prev. ‘forward, in front, forth, near’ < *frāc-ā (Av. fråṇc-, frąš nom. sg. m. < *frānkš, Skt. prā́ ṅ, Paz. frāž). frāzīh ped xrad. DD 1.2 frāzīh abar abārīg kišvar xvadāyān. Dk iii, M 135

hamnāfīh ‘kinship’ from ham-nāf ‘kinsman, relative, kindred’ < *hama-nāfa- (Av. hama.nāfaēna- adj.) u-š ped hamnāfīh abyuxt ox-kāmagīh ud dēn abzōnīg āštīh, āsn xrad ud gōšōsrūd xrad ī vahman ham-zahagīg zahag, ermān-xvāyišnīh ud sōk ī ašavahišt hamnāfīg, ud ped hamnāfīh hamxāgīhā frāz-franāmišnīh oxīg xvadāyīh ud radīg dēn ō dāmān rāyēnīdārīh, ud ebgad ānāftārīh, ud hamāg-xvārīh mehēnīdārīh. Dk iv, M 410

juxtīh ‘connection; dual number’ from juxt ‘pair, couple; yoked (with)’ < *i̯uxta- (Av. yuxta- adj. ‘yoked’, yuxti- f. ‘yoking’, Pers. juxtīh kirdan. Dk iii, M 76 tāgīh ud juxtīh (also F 2.1). DD 0.10

kamīh ‘scantiness, smallness’ from kam(b) ‘few, little, slight’ < *kambna-, or kem ‘less, lesser’ < *kambi̯ah- (Parth. kambīft). hān ī urvar-bēšāzišnīh. u-š cim ped kamīh ī az rēš ud ranz ī az kārd-ud-dāg-bizeškīh, ped xvardan ud bōyēnīdan, ud anīz ēvēnag vēmārīh az tan bē burdan. Dk iii, M 159

rādīh ‘liberality, generosity’ (opp. penīh, vinīgarīh) from rād. rādīh ud āštīh ud agēnīh. Bd 218 rādīh ud rāstīh (Pahlavi Texts 82). RR

rahīgīh ‘adolescence, youth; prime of life’ from rahīg ‘page, adolescent; servant’. vas-um būd hend avištābigar az rahīgīh; u-m-išān nē tāyīd zōr. Ps 128.2

rāstīh ‘uprightness, rectitude, truth’ (opp. drōzanīh, ērang, drōvīh, druzīh) from rāst. ped rāstīh hēb ravend. TM 5794 II rāstīh ēd pahlum kē … Dk vi, M 477

vehīh ‘goodness; wisdom’ from veh ‘good’ < *u̯ahu- (Av. vohu-, vaŋhu-), ‘better’ < *u̯ahi̯ah-. vehīh ud vattarīh. F 2.1 xrad … hunar … vehīh. MX 11 rōšn zōr ud vehīh. ™ 801a

zanīh ‘(proper) wifehood; marriage’ from zan ‘woman; wife’ < *jani- (Av. jaini-/ jə̄ ni- f., Parth. žan). zan juvān ped zanīh gīr! HAM 111 panzāh sāl hān būd ka-šān zanīh-u-šōyīh nē būd, ud navad ud ašt sāl ud ašt māh hān būd ka-šān zanīh-u-šōyīh kird. J 3

In the case of abstract nouns with the suffix -īh semantic change from abstract to collective is well attested.

ardāyīh ‘righteousness’, coll. ‘community of the righteous (also the Manichaean church)’ from ardāy ‘righteous, truthful’ < *ṛtāu̯ā (Parth. ardāvīft). farrah vazurg ud vāxš vāzāfrīd ī hamāg xvarāsān pāygōs ō ēn ram ud ardāyīh īg yazdān pāsbān ud parvarāg ast. TM 801a

brādarīh ‘brotherhood’, coll. ‘brothers, brethren’ (Man. ‘the Elect’) from brādar ‘brother’ < *brātara-m. āfured brādarīh, frēstagān ud vāxšān, ō ēn hamōzāg ī estūdnām, ī vahman ō amāh zāft. TM 31 Ipanz brādarīh ī avēšān kē … VZ 9.3

dēnvarīh/ dēnāvarīh ‘piety, devotion’, coll. ‘the religious community, religiosi’ from dēnvar/ dēnāvar < *dai̯anā-bara- (Parth. dēnāβarīft). ō dēnvarīh nē adīhānd. TM 542b

druzīh ‘falsity’, coll. ‘a gang of devils’ from druz ‘deception, lie; she-demon’ < *druj- (Av. druj- f., Parth. druž). druzīh frāz dvāred. RP 48.9

vizīdagīh, vizīdagī ‘election’, coll. ‘the Elect’ from vizīdag ‘chosen, elect, selected’ < *u̯i-cita-ka- (Parth. vižīdagīft). abar hāmāg vizīdagīh ī rōšn. TIB 4974 nambarem ped vazurg nēvāgirdī ō hāmāg vizīdagī. TM 738

-īhā

A number of adverbs are made by adding the suffix -īhā < *-i̯aθu̯āda (ablative as adverb) to a noun or an adjective.

ēragīhā ‘southerly’ from ērag ‘south’ (cf. abarag ‘north’) < *adara-ka-. perisp ēv ī az rōšn zamīg, xvarāsānīhā ēragīhā xvarparānīhā, ōbāyēnīd. TM 98 I

šādīhā ‘happily’ from šād ‘happy, glad’ < *ci̯āta- (OPers. šiyāta-). murvān bāmēvān ōy nāzend šādīhā. TM 554

tanīhā ‘alone; personally’ from tan ‘body; person; self’ (OPers. tanū-). xvarišn nē tanīhā xvardan. HOD 51 gyān ēvtāg ud tan tanīhā, nasā ped gyāg ī xvēš, sag ud vay ped hamēmālīh nišīyend. HVF 28

vazurgīhā ‘greatly, grandly, hugely, eminently’ from vazurg (OPers. vazṛka-). ped dānišn vābarīgān vazurgīhā āmixt hend. TM 8251 II

The suffix -īhā also forms plurals. See “The substantive”.

-ist

The suffix -ist/ -išt < *-išta- is the “original” suffix to form superlative. Sometimes the comparative suffix -tar or the superlative suffix -tum is added to it: -istar < -ist-tar, - istum < -ist-tum. See ‘The Adejective”.

-ēn < *-ai̯na-

The suffix -ēn forms a number of ajectives.

ābēn ‘of water, aqueous’ from āb ‘water’ (Sogd. āpnē, Paz. āvīn), cf. also ābīg ‘of water, liquid, aquatic’ ped panz perisp fravahrēn vādēn rōšnēn ādurēn ud ābēn. TM 98 I

abarēn* ‘higher, superior’ = abarīg (Parth. abarēn, Pers. ). (Parth.) ō abarēn ud aδarēn handām angōn hamag-iž nē dahed. TM 741

āhanēn/ āhinēn ‘of iron, iron’ (cf. Av. ayaŋhaēna-). u-š haft perisp ast: zarrēn ud asēmēn ud pōlāvadēn ud brinjēn ud āhinēn ud ābgēnagēn ud kāskēnagēn. Bd 210

andāgēn (also andōhgen) ‘sorrowful, sad’ from andāg ‘sorrow, grief’ (Khwar. andax). u-š dīd gyāg ī ōy kē amarg būd u-š frazend nē būd u-š andāgēn ud pīmgen sahist. RP 36.11

anōšēn ‘ambrosial, sweet’ from anōš adj. ‘immortal; sweet’, s. ‘elixir, antidote’ (Parth. anōšēn, Paz. anaošīn). ō ruvān ī ōy anōšag-ruvān anōšēn xvarišn dahānd. Aog. 15

arzīzēn ‘of lead, leaden, tin’ from arzīz ‘lead’ (Armen. arčị č̣ ‘lead, molybdenum’, Arab. رصاص). hān ī arzīzēn xvadāyīh ī vahrām gōr šāh. ZVY 3.27

asēmēn ‘made of silver, silvern’ from asēm ‘silver’ (cf. OPers. siyamam ‘made of silver’). ud kōšk asēmēn ud dandānag zarrēn. RP 49.7

astēn ‘(made) of bone’ from ast ‘bone; (fruit) stone’ (Av. ast- nt., astaēna- adj.). nē hān ī astēn, nē hān ī dārēn, nē hān ī sruvēn. N 107

cārūgēn ‘pertaining to lime, limy; of mortar’ < *cārukai̯na-, cārūg ‘lime, mortar’ (cf. Arab. صاروج, شاروق. Pers. čārūkkar ‘lime-maker’ gl. of zamīgpaz). ādurestarēn ud cārūgēn hān and gyāg, sagēn ud gacēn ped peymān bē baved. Vd 6.32

dardēn (also dardīg) ‘painful’ from dard ‘pain’ < *darta-. nišān ī dardēn ka abar xvardīg āhōg āvared. TM 731

dārēn/ dārvēn ‘(made) of wood, wooden’ from dār ‘tree; wood’ (Av. dāuru-/ drao- nt., drvaēna- adj., OPers. dāru-). pehikarān ī abar dīvār ī dārvēn ud sigēn. TM 28 I mōg-ē dārēn ped pāy dāšt. VZ 3.10

dūdēn 'smoky’ from dūd ‘smoke, fume’ < *dūta-. nizmān dūdēn. TM 507

kāsagēn/ kāskēn ‘of lapis lazuli (= kāskēnēn431); lapis lazuli’ from kāsag* (OPers. kāsaka- m., kāsakaina- adj., cf. Skt. kācá- ‘glass’).431 , J 7.

pasēn ‘posterior; future’ from pas ‘behind’ (OPers. pasā). tan ī pasēn. Vd 2.19

pašmēn ‘made of wool, woolen’ from pašm ‘wool’ (cf. Skt. pákṣman-). jāmag ī pašmēn dārend. J 8

pidēn ‘of meat, fleshy’ from pid ‘meal, food; meat’ < *pitu- (Av. pitu- m.). pitum: pid ud gōšt. F 10ēn nasāh ī pidēn nē ohrmazd īg xvadāy kird. TS9

rōyēn ‘of copper’ from rōy ‘copper, brass; zinc’ < *rau̯da-. ud hān ī rōyēn xvadāyīh ī ardašēr. ZVY 3.25

sangēn/ sigēn ‘(made) of stone, stony’ from sag/ sang ‘stone’ (OPers. aθanga- m., aθangaina- adj. sagēn renders Av. zarštvaēna-. Arab. سجن) ped āhinēn ayāb ped sigēn ayāb ped ×suyēn. Vd 6.46

sruvēn/ suyēn ‘(made) of horn, with nails’ from srū, sruv, suy ‘horn; nail; pong’ (Av. srū- nt., srvā- f., srvaēna- adj., sruvēn renders Av. fravāxšaēna-). cē hān tis az dām ī ohrmazd kē dandān sruvēn, ud sruv gōštēn? MJF 2

šīrēn ‘sweet’ from šīr/ xšīr ‘milk’ (cf. Skt. kṣīrá- nt.). šīrēn bār āvared mardōmān vasnād. DA 4

vafrēn ‘snowy, snowy-white’ from vafr ‘snow’ < *u̯afra-. u-š nāxun vafrēn. HKR 96

xašēn ‘(dark) blue, blue-green, turquoise’ (Av. axšaēna-, OPers. axšainaka-). gāv ī xašēn. Vd 22.4

zarrēn ‘golden’ from zarr ‘gold’ < *zaran(-i̯a)- (Av. zarǝnaēna- adj., Parth. zarnēn). jāmag ī zarrēn ud asēmēn. MX 16.26 gāh ī zarrēngird. VZ 30.52

The word with the participle-forming suffix -āg, if it has earlier been substantivized, is combined with the -ēn to form a new adjective.

hōšāgēn ‘of the parching wind’ from hōšāg adj. ‘drying’, s. ‘parching wind’ < *haošāka-. hōšāgēn ud tārēn, ādurēn ud ābēn. TM 98 I

sōzāgēn ‘of the burning heat’ from sōzāg adj. ‘burning’, s. ‘burning heat’ < *saocāka-. druxšān ī hōšāgēn, sōzāgēn ud tamēn. TM 7981 II

The suffix -ēn may be added to numerals. See “The Numerals”.

-ēnag < *-ai̯na-ka-

The suffix -ag forms substantives from the adjectives in -ēn.

ābgēnag ‘crystal, glass’ from ābag* < *āpaka- (Armen. apaki ‘crystal, glass; bottle’, apakeġēn ‘of glass, glassy’, Osset. Ir. avg ‘glass’). zarr ud asēm ud āhin ud rōy ud arzīz ud srub ud ābgēnag ud almās. VZ 3.69

damēnag ‘fan’ from dam ‘bellows’ < *dam ‘to blow, breath’ (damag ‘bellows’, cf. Skt. dhamaka- m. ‘a blower’). damēnag az man karend ādurān vasnād. DA 12

dānēnag ‘dried fruits, nut; comfit’ from dān ‘seed, grain’ < *dānā-.gōšt ud pēm ud nān ud mayēnišn-z ud dānēnag. Dk viii, M 730

gōzēnag ‘walnut-pasty, walnut sweetmeat’ from gōz ‘nut, walnut’ < *gau̯zā- (Arab. جوزينج). ped hāmin hān ī lōzēnag ud gōzēnag ud gōzafrušag ud carbafrōšag ud carbangust kē az carz ayāb az hān ī āhūg kunend ped rōvn ī gōz brēzend. HKR 39

kāskēnag name of a bird, ‘green magpie’, from kāskēn kāskēnag murv. Bd 155

pēšēnag/ pēšēnīg adj. ‘former, predecessor’, pēšēnagān/ pēšēnīgān s. pl. ‘the ancient’ from pēš ‘before’ (OPers. paišiyā). dēn īg man vizīd az abārīgān dēn ī pēšēnagān ped dah xīr frāy ud vehdar ast. TM 5794 Iāgāhīh ī az pēšēnīgān. Dk iii, M 406

pidēnag ‘meal, food, nourishment (consisting of meat)’, from pid. abar dāmān-z, ī-šān pidēnagān-z, abaxšāyišn hēb kunend. TM 794 II/ T M6.62

šiftēnag a kind of sweetmeat from šift ‘milk’ (cf. Av. xšvipta°, Parth. šift ‘milk, šiftēn ‘of milk’). p ed zimestān hān ī lōzēnag ud šiftēnag ud vafrēnag ped tabarzad ud gišnīz ud ābvard. HKR 40

šīrēnag ‘sweet’ from šīr ‘milk’. ohrmazd [rōz] ped nām ī yazd, ped ōstīgān, ud avardišnīg ud ušmurd, ud rōz ī farrox xvand, rāmišn šīrēnag ud drūd murvāg nēk ped dastvar dāštan. MSR 1

xašēnag* ‘dove’ (Osset. D æxsinæg).

gen/ -ken < *kaina-

(contaminated with -gēn/ -kēn < *kai̯na-)

Another adjective-forming suffix is -gen/ -ken.

āhrgen* ‘frightful, terrible’ from āhr ‘fear, dread, fright’ < *āθra- (cf. Armen. ah, ahagin). nē ēc āgāhīh kē spāh āhr dahed. Dk viii

andōhgen ‘sad, sorrowful, grieving’ (also andōxēn, andāgēn) from andōh/ andōx ‘sorrow, anxiety, grief’ (Sogd. andōxc, Armen. andohakan). pābag ka-š nāmag dīd andōhgen būd. KAP 2.24

bīmgen ‘fearful, frightening’ from bīm ‘fear, apprehension’ (cf. Skt. bhīmá-). cē bīmgendar? āzārišn ī pādixšāyān anāmurzīd. AV 249-250 cinvad puhl cihvidarg ī bīmgen. VZ 31.3

nāmgen ‘famous, celebrity’, nāmgenīh ‘celebrity; celebration’ from nām ‘name’. šahriyār, nāmgen gāhdār dīdēmvar. TM 43

pīmgen ‘painful, sorrowful’ from pīm ‘sorrow, pain’ (cf. Skt. pay, pī́yati ‘to revile, abuse, blame’, pīyú- m. ‘scornful’). u-š frazend nē būd u-š andāgēn ud pīmgen sahist. RP 36.10

rēšken ‘hurtful, harmful, wound-causing, sore’ from rēš ‘physical damage; damage of property; sin of injury’ (Av. raēša- m., raēšah- nt.). dušox ī sahmgen ī bīmgen ī rēšken ī puranāgīh ī vas-dard ī tārīk. AVN 99.1

sahmgen/ samgen ‘terrific, terrible’ from sahm/ sam ‘terror’ < *çahma(n)- < *θrah-ma(n)- sahmgen vārān ī margūsān xvānend. Bd 218-19zištīh ud samgenīh. Dk ix, M 804

šarmgen ‘shamefaced, ashamed, bashful’ from šarm ‘shame’ (Av. fšarǝma-). šarmgen zan dōst bāš. HAM 50

vimēhgen ‘shapely’ from vimēh ‘shape’.zan ī juvān ī drustgōhr ī avistvār ī husrav ī huxēm ī kadagabrōz kē šarm ud bīm nēk, xvēš pid ud niyāg ud šōy ud sālār dōst ud huzihr ud vimēhgen abar zan ī xvēš hamālān rad. MX 61.7

zēngen ‘equipped with arms, armoured, weaponed’ from zēn ‘weapon; armour’ (Av. zaēna- m.). (Parth.) zēngen razmγāhīg. TM 2 II

-and/ -end, -andag (-endag)

The old suffix -ant-a forms (thematic) present participles. It is often extended by -ka. See “the verb”.

Some derivatives in -and come from old adjective stems in -ant.

argand ‘terrible’ (Av. ǝrǝγaṇt- adj., Pers. ). ǝrǝγat̰ daožaŋhum: argand dušox. P 41 gyāg ī argand dušox. MU 29, 66

arvand ‘fleet, swift; valiant’ (Av. aurvaṇt- adj.). arvand hend abargār. Dk ix, M 818

buland ‘high, tall; aloud’ (OPers. bṛdant-, Av. bǝrǝzaṇt-). buland ēvāz. Yt 3.3 kōf … īg buland, kē dārūg ī xvēdag vas andar. TM 97

-āvand (-āvend)/ -vand

The denominal suffix -vand < *-u̯ant-/ *-u̯at- or āvand < *-āu̯ant- forms adjectives. Sogd. <-ʾwnt>

abaxšāvand ‘regretful, repentant’ from abaxš s. ‘regret’, adj. ‘regretful’ < *apa-xši. hān-z ī dahend abāz abaxšāvand. ZVY 4.52

amāvand ‘strong, powerful, mighty’ (Av. ama-/ ə̄ma- m., amavaṇt-/ ə̄mavaṇt- adj.). abzār [amāvand]. Vd 1.5 vahrām ī amāvand. SS 7

astvand ‘bony; corporeal, material’ (Av. ast- nt., astvaṇt- adj.). gōvišn abar astvand. TM 98 I

burzāvand ‘lofty, exalted’ rendering Av. bǝrǝzaiδī- ‘with sublime insight’ (Paz. burzāβaṇd). burzāvand kay vištāsp. Dk vii, M 626 hān ī burzāvand cōn kay vištāsp. DD 36.26

durvand/ druvand ‘follower of the Lie, deceitful; infidel’ < *drug- u̯ant- (Av. drǝgvaṇt-/ drvaṇt-). tan dusrav ud ruvān durvand. VAM 33 mard durvand ayāb dusrav. HOD 38 ašmāh durvandān, guhūdagān īg grīv xēšmēn. TM 6120 I

hunarāvand/ hunarāvend ‘virtuous, valiant; learned’ < *hunaráu̯ant-am (Av. hunara- m., huvnara- nt.). gurdān pahlum sarhang, razmyōz hunarāvend. TM 43 hunarāvandīh hān baved kē kušišn abāg druz ī mēnōg kuned, ēc druz andar ō tan nē hiled; ped nāmcištīg ēn cahār druz az tan abāz dāred: āz ud xēšm ud varan ud nang. 22 V.10

nērōgāvand/ nērōgāvend ‘strong, potent’ from nērōg ‘strength, potency; might’. nērōgāvend bay agrāv-nām, frēdōn šāh. TM 4b I

pedixšarāvand ‘honorable’ from pedixšar ‘honour’ (Parth. padišfarāvend). pēš-mān pidarān xvābarān ud niyāgān pedixšarāvendān. TM 801a u-m dēn māzdesn ud muvmard ī xūb andar šahr agrā ud pthšlʾndy kird. KKZ 13

sprahmāvand/ esprahmāvend ‘flowery’ from sprahm/ spram ‘herbs with scent; flower’. (Parth.) radanīn ārām esprahmāvend vyāg. TM 6232

tarsagāvand ‘fearful, dreadful, frightening; terrible’ from tars ‘fear’. cē vazurg ast xvadāy, [ud stāyīdag] abēr ud tarsagāvand [abar harvisp] yazdān. Ps 96.4 1

varzāvand ‘with dignity, possessing miraculous power/ nature’ from varz ‘dignity; energy; miracle’ (Av. varǝcah- nt., varǝcaŋvhaṇt- adj.). dādār bay varzāvand. DA 47 varzāvandān [dānāgān cōn kayus]. Vd 20.12 varzāvand bed cōn kay syāvaš. ĀfM

xēšmāvand ‘angry, wrathful’ from xēšm ‘anger, wrath, rage’ (Av. aēšma- m.). xēšmāvand ud kēnvār ud anāmurzīg ravānd, ud āb ud ādur, draxt ud urvar zanānd. TM 7983 I

xvēšāvand ‘relative, kinsman’ from xvēš ‘(one’s) own; kin’. āsrōg-iz ī xvēš xvēšāvand. Dk ix, M 800 xvēšāvandān dōstān. HDM

zarīgāvand ‘sorrowful, regretful’ from zarīg ‘sorrow, regret’. gōbed kū “zarīgāvand būd”. ŠGV 14.33

zēnāvand ‘watchful, vigilant, alert’ (Av. zaēnaŋvhaṇt- adj.). zēnāvand bed cōn tahmurub. ĀfM ōy ī xvaftag zēnāvand kuned. F 25.1 ped axvābīh ud zēnāvandīh bē pāyed ohrmazd dāmān. Y 57.16

zīhrāvand ‘living’ from zīhr ‘life’. zīhrāvand pēdāg būd. TM 1003 (+ M 1025)

The word brādarod ‘related, connected’ comes from brādar ‘brother’ (cf. Av. brātravaṇt- adj. ‘with brothers’). ašgahānīh ī hunsandīh brādarod. Dk iii, M 289 dām pedyārag adēnīh ud anērīh, u-š brādarod ahlemōgīh. xrad pedyārag drōzanīh, u-š brādarod varanīgīh. xēm pedyārag tarmenišnīh, u-š brādarod xvaddōšagīh. Dk vi, M 527

Vmand/ -mand

The adjective-forming suffix -Vmand < *-mant-/ *- mat- is similar to -(ā)vand.

arzumand ‘valuable, worthy, precious’ from arz ‘value, worth’ (Av. arǝja- adj. ‘precious’). raēvaṇtō arǝjahe: rāyumand arzumand. Y 10.7

astumand ‘bony, osseous; corporeal, material’ = astvand. aŋhuš astvå: ox ī astumand. F 3.8

bāmumand ‘radiant, splendid’ (= bāmīg, bāmēn) from bām ‘radiance, splendour’ < *bāma-. u-m dīd ruvān ī ahlav spitamān zardušt rōšn ud bāmīg cōn xvaršēd ud māh, bāmumand ud xvarrahumand cōn spēg ī vahārān. Ardā V 58

dardumand ‘painful, afflicted, suffering (from pain); ill’ from dard ‘pain’, dardumanttar comp. dudīg, kū dardumand baved. TM 177 R kē dardumanttar? AV 159

dīdēmumand ‘crowned’ from dīdēm (Gr. διάδημα), cf. also dīdēmvar. taxtumandīh ud dīdēmumandīh ud peyrāyagumandīh ud hubōyīh. StSR 25

farrumand/ xvarrahumand ‘with Fortune’ from farr/ xvarrah (Av. xvarǝnah- nt., xvarǝnaŋvhaṇt- adj.). afsōs mā kun dā xvarrahumand bavāy. HHK 9

gumānumand ‘having suspicion; uncertain’ from gumān ‘doubt’. u-š ped hān ī ōy pedyāragīh frāz-kirrēnīd gennāg mēnōg purmarg hān ī vattar gumānīgīh [ped tis ī yazdān. gumānumad, kū: mā agar hād ! ast kē ēdōn gōbed, ē: pez hān ī dēvān gumānumand kū mā agar hād.] Vd 1.7

gyāgumand ‘belonging to a special place, localised’ from gyāg ‘place’ (Paz. jāmaṇd). ud “astag tis ī nē zamānumand ud gyāgumand”, ayāb “gyāgumand nē kanāragumand”. ŠGV 5.42-43

gyānumand ‘animated, living’ from gyān ‘breath (of life)’ (Paz. jąmaṇd). pas ahlav ō garōdmān, ud durvand abāz ō dušox abganend, sē rōz-šabān dušoxīg tanumand ud gyānumand andar dušox pādifrāh vidārend, ud ahlav andar garōdmān tanumand(īhā) hān sē rōz urvāhmanīh vēned. Bd 224

hunarumand = hunarāvand. sagumand [kū-š pānag abāg], bē-vizārišnuman [kū pēdāg kū kadār az kadār], pusumand [kū vēš vaccag abāg], kāmagumand [kū cōn mard abāyed], hunarumand. Vd 19.30

kāmagumand/ kāmumand ‘with a will, willing’ from kām(ag) ‘will, desire’ (Paz. kāmaomaṇd), kāmagumandīhā adv. kāmagumand [kū: cōn mard abāyed]. Vd 19.30 kām(ag)umandīhā šavum ō hān āvām ī ahlavān ud durvandān, ud ēn peygām drustīhā barum ud rāstīhā abāz āvarum. Ardā V 1

kanāragumand ‘limite, finite’ from kanārag ‘limit, boundary; side; shore; border’ (Paz. kanāraomaṇd), opp. a-kanārag. šāyedbūd kanāragumand ayāb nē? Dk iv, M 418 hamāg anāgīhgumēg ud zamānumand ud kanāragumand ud viderišnīg. TM 9 I

mayumand ‘possessing wine’ from may ‘wine’ (Av. maδumaṇt- adj.). gōštumand mayumand yōšdāhr [kū pāk]. Vd 8.22

niyāzumand (possibly also niyāzvand, cf. Paz. nyāžaṇd) ‘needy, necessitous’ from niyāz ‘need’ (Parth. niyāzvand, Paz. nyāžmaṇd), opp. abēniyāz. avēšān kē ruvān dōšārm rāy driyuš niyāzvand acār mardōm tis dahend. ŠGV 11.137 niyāzumand ī acārag. AV 150

ōšumand/ hōšumand ‘mortal’ from ōš ‘death’ (Av. aošah- nt., aošaŋvhaṇt- adj.). ped ušahin gāh abar ēsted ōšumandān mardōmān. HDM 2

ōzumand ‘powerful, strong’ from ōz ‘strength, power’ (Av. aojah- nt., aojōŋhvaṇt-/ aojaŋvhaṇt- adj.). u-š ped ōzumand uzvān … dēn ō kay vištāsp ud frazānagān cāšt. ŠGV 10.65 druz ōzumand. RP 48.17

rāyumand ‘illustrious’, also rēvand name of a mount, name of a lake (Av. raēvaṇt- adj.). rāyumandān [abzārumandān cōn zardušt]. Vd 20.1 rāyumand tōhmag Dk vii, M 651 (cf. Yt 13.107 raēvat̰ ciϑrəm). u-š rēvandīh ē kū rāyumand. Bd 70

sīzumand ‘perilous, jeopardised’ from sīz ‘peril, danger’ (Av. iθyejah- nt., iθyejaŋvhaṇt- adj.). cōn az hān ī sīzumand ī bīmumand ī vas-anāgīh oxān, ō ēn ī asīz oxān ī apedyārag mad hē juvān ī humenišn ī hugōbišn ī hukunišn ī hudēn? MX 2.149

sūdumand/ sūdemand ‘advantageous, beneficial, useful’ from sūd ‘profit, benefit’ < *sūta- (cf. Av. sū- f. ‘benefit’, yavaē.sū-).sūdemand translates Av. saošyaṇt-. sūdemand ī pērōzgar sōšyāns. Dk ix, M 818 ka āgenīn gumixt ēsted ōzumand ud vazurg sūdumand.AV 107

šūyumand ‘having a husband, married (woman)’ from šūy ‘husband’. vas mād abēpuhr, vas <duxt> abēpid ud vas pid abēpuhr ud vas brād abēbrād ud vas zan šūyumand abēšūy bavend. AZ 46

tanumand ‘corporeal; corpulent’ from tan ‘body; person’ (cf. Skt. tanūmat- adj. ‘embodied’). tanumand ruvān ī hamāg mardōm. Dk iii, M 162 tanumand ud gyānumand. RP 18f. 29

xradumand ‘wise’ from xrad ‘wisdom’ (Av. xratumaṇt-, Skt. krátumant-). hērbedān ī xradumandān. VD 27

zamānumand ‘temporary, connected with time’ from zamān ‘time’ (Paz. jamąnmand). hamāg anāgīhgumēg ud zamānumand ud kanāragumand ud viderišnīg. TM 9 I

zōrumand/ zōr(e)mand ‘forceful, strong, robust’ from zōr ‘strength, force’ < *záu̯ar- (Av. zāvar- nt.). ātaš ī andar dil zōremand bē kuned. VZ 30.23 an hem āb īg pessazag kū-m āb-zōhr dayād kū zōrmand bavān. TM 95 cōn tigr ped dast ī zōremand. Ps 126.4

-tar/ -dar

The deadjectival suffix -tar/ -dar < *-tara forms comparative adjectives from adjectives and adverbs. See ‘The Adjective”.

-tum/ -dum

-um

The suffix -um < *-amaforms ordinals from cardinal numbers. See “The Numerals”.

-išn

The suffix -išn < *-šna- < *-θna- forms verbal nouns. See “The Verb”.

-t-ār/ -d-ār

The suffix -(t/d)-ār < *-ar-, *-āram forms agent nouns and a few nouns of action. See “The Verb”.

Apparent suffixes

A number of “suffixes” are old nouns, and they indeed form new compounds.

-bān/ -pān

-bān/ -pān < *-pāna- or *-pāu̯an- ‘protecting, guarding’.

angustbān ‘finger-guard, finger-stall’ < *angušta-pāna-. angustbān husrōgān. DA 57

bāvbān ‘gardener’ < *bāga-pāna-. bāvbān ī dānāg. ŠGV 4.71

grīvbān ‘neck-guard, gorget’ from grīv ‘neck’ < *grīu̯ā- (Av. grīvā- f.). grīvbān hān ī az targ abāz ō zreh bast ēsted. Vd 14.9

marzbān ‘margrave’ from marz ‘term; border’ (cf. Av. marǝza- m.). ēvēnbedān ud marzbānān. Dk viii, M 704

mīzdbān/ myazdbān ‘host’ from mīzd < *mi̯azda- (Av. myazda- m. ‘offering, sacrificial solid food’, Pers. ‘table’). mērag ī mīzdbān. SS 15

pāsǝbān ‘watcher, guardian’ from pās ‘watch, guard’ < *pāça- (Av. pāθra- nt.) pānagān ud pāsebānān. Dk viii, M 722 pāsǝbānān ī dēn. TM 82 bavānd pāsǝbān frēstagān ud vāxšān. TM 31 II

pāygōsǝbān (or, pāygōspān) ‘district governor’ from pāygōs ‘district, province’ (Parth. pāδgōspān). ud ēn and šahr ud šāhriyār ud pāygōsǝbān harv amāh ped bāz ud bannagīh ēstād hend. ŠKZ 4 (3)

puštbān/ puštǝbān ‘protector, defence, life-guard’ from pušt ‘back’ < *pṛšti-. nambarem ped āfrīn ō hamōzāgān vazurgān, estūnān ud puštbānān ī vahman nerīmān, šahriyār ī dēn yōždahr. TM 11

šubān ‘shepherd’ < *fšu-pāna-. ō vispān šubānān hamōzāgān ud espasagān. TM 801a

vādbān ‘sail’ from vād ‘wind’ < *u̯āta-. makūgān taxt ham frasp ham vādbānān. DA 9

bed/ -ped

-bed/ -ped/ -uft < *-pati- ‘master’, lord’.

āxvarrbed (also āxvarrsālār) ‘master of the horse, head groom’ < *ā-hu̯arna-pati- (Armen. axoṙapet ‘equerry; groom’, axoṙapan ‘groom, stableman’). vēfarr ī farragān, mihrxvāst ī b(a)rēsagān, hōmfrād ī māyagānbed, dirām ī zēnbed, cīrīg ī dādvar, [vardān ī āxvarrbed,] ŠKZ 30

bannbed ‘master of a prison, jailor’ from bann ‘bond, fetter; prison’ (Parth. bandbān). darbān sārār ud bannbed ud pāhrbed, mānbed ud visbed, zandbed ud dahebed. TM 7984 II

dahebed/ dahyubed ‘lord of the land; governor’ (Av. daŋ́hupaiti- m.). ērān dahebed. ASS 5

darbed ‘doorkeeper, hall-porter’ from dar ‘door’ (Parth. barβaδ, Armen. barapet, darapet). ardašēr šāhān šāh, aspiz ī darbed. inscr. Abn. nersah ī grastbed, hormezd ī dibīrbed pus ī hormezd ī dibīrbed, nādūg ī zēndānīg, pābag ī darbed. ŠKZ 34

darīgbed ‘superintendent of the court, couropalates’ (also darīgān sālār) from darīg ‘courtier, court dignitary’ (Arab. درجيبذ). man, vazurgmihr ī bōxtagān nivēped ī šabestān ī šahr, ōstīgān ī husrav, darīgbed …AV 1

dibīrbed/ dibīruft ‘chief secretary’ < *dipi-bara-pati- (Skt. divirapati-, Armen. dprapet). hormazd ī dibīrbed pus ī hormazd ī dibīrbed. ŠKZ 34 (Parth.) raxš spāhbad, mard dibīruft, pābag nivēδpad. ŠKZ 24

hazārbed/ hazāruft a high-ranking official, ‘chiliarch’. ardašēr ī bidaxš, pābag ī hazāruft. ŠKZ 29

hērbed ‘teaching priest’ (Av. aēθrapaiti- m.). hāvišt ud hērbed. Dk iii, M 177 nimād ī hērbedīh ud hāvištīh. Dk viii, M 680

kirrōgbed ‘chief of the artisans, head craftsman’ < *kṛnavaka-pati- (Armen. kṙogpet).528

mānbed ‘master of the house; husband’ (mānbedī ‘mistress of the house, rectrix’) from mān ‘house’ (Av. nmānō.paiti- m., Paz. mąnavat̰). mānbed, visbed, zandbed ud dahebed, pāhragbed. TM 473 c panz pedān ī-šān dēnīg nām: mānbed, vīsped, zandbed, dahebed, zarduštrōdum. ŠGV 1.18

mubed/ mōbed ‘head priest’ < *magu-pati- (Parth. maγbed). hērbedān ud mubedān. AVN 1.7 ahmadān, kust ī abhar, mubed. A Persian seal

zēnbed ‘chief of armoury’ < *zai̯na-pati-. hōmfrād ī māyagānbed, dirām ī zēnbed, cīrīg ī dādvar. ŠKZ 30

dān/ -yān

-dān/ -yān < *-dána-/ *-dāna- ‘container’ (Av. °dana-, °δana-).

ābdān ‘water-bag’ < *ap-dána-. mašk-um karend ābdān. DA 58

astōdān ‘ossuary, sepulchre’ < *astō-dāna-, hazzān < *ast-dāna- (Sogd. γazδān). daxmǝm: hazzān. Vd 5.18 hān astōdān ast kandag az ēk sig. DD 17.4

barsumdān ‘barǝsman-stand, a receptacle for the barǝsman bundle’ from barsum/ barsam (Av. barǝsman- nt. cognate with barǝziš- nt.,). barǝsmana paiti.bǝrǝta haδa.zaoθra: ped barsum abar-burd [ī ō barsumdān burd ēsted] abāg-zōhrag. Y 3.1

dahmayān (also daxmagestān) ‘graveyard’ < *daxma-dāna-. ka tar dahmayān ud astōdān gyāg viderānd u-šān vēnānd … TM 482+

dārūgdān ‘drug container, medicine chest’ from dārūg ‘medicine, drug; (medical) plant’. tabangōg az man karend dārūgdān vasnād. DA 20

mādayān ‘core; essential part; capital’, adj. ‘essential, main’ < *mātaka-dāna-. xvad mādayān ped xvadīh bavandag. Dk iii, M 30 mādayān tis. VZ 30.26

pusiyān ‘womb’ < *puθra-dāna- hān ī andar pusyān ī gōspendān ud mardōmān –kē pus pediš parvārend. Bd 90

zēndān ‘prison’ < *zai̯na-dāna-. kird-uš nasāh ud zēndān, u-š bast gyān vidrāy. TS 9

dār/ -yār

-dār/ -yār < *dāra- ‘holding, keeping’.

dastiyār ‘helper, assistant’ < *dasta-dāra- (Parth. dastδār). dastiyārīh ī aburnāy kuned. Vd 3.31 (Parth.) ōn baγ rāšt ud mihrbān, fravēnag yazd, ō man hufrayādā, u-m vxad dastδār bavāh. TM 67

dēndār/ dēnyār ‘religious’ < *dai̯anah-dāra-. az nūn parrōn xvēš grīv dēndār mā xvān, ba dēnāvar ī rāst, kē-t hāvend nē ast. TM 2 I

framāndār ‘representative, steward’ from framān ‘order, command’ (Sogd. fǝrmānδār). šahriyār ēk būd u-š framāndār ī xvēš ō hindūgān frestād. TM 652 (+ M 526)

gāhdār ‘enthroned; king’ from gāh ‘throne, seat’. tū hē sar ud sarhang, gāhdār ī nēv. TM 36

kēšdār ‘doctrinaire’ (Av. t̰kaēša- m. ‘doctrine; doctor’). pēdāg drōvīh ī avēšān kēšdārān soxan abar-z ham dar. Dk iii, M 129

kōfiyār ‘mountain-ruler’ from kōf (Parth. kōfδār, Pers.). pēšpārag az man karend ō jō hur may kē xvāred šahriyār kōfiyār ud āzād. DA 95-96

mādayār ‘steward’ < *māta-dāra- (cf. Armen. matakarar). mādayār ī asvār asp. Dk iii, M 242

mayyār ‘cupbearer, butler’ < *madu-dāra-. sagbus ī nahcīrbed, hudōg ī grastbed, jāhēn ī mayyār. ŠKZ 30

mihrdār/ mihriyār ‘who keeps a promise’ (opp. mihrōdruz) < *miθrah-dāra-. abar sūd ud rāmišn ī mihriyārīh, ud grānīh ud zyān ud bēš ī az mihrōdruzīh. Dk viii, M 716

šahriyār ‘ruler, governor, king’ < *xšaθrah-dāra- (Parth. xšahrδār). šāhriyār ud pāygōspān (xšahrδār ud pāδgōspān). ŠKZ 4 hān zan tar ōy ī šahriyār frāz uzīd. KSM 38 bōy ī šahriyārān. HKR 70

sālār/ sārār (older sardār) ‘chieftain, chief; leader; guardian’ < *săr(a)-dāra- (Parth. sārδār). pid ī sālār ī aburnāyag (sālār renders Av. harǝtar- here). Dk ix, M 795 xvadāy ud sālār mard. HAM 4 sālār ud pēšubāy ī dēn. DD 44.5 xvadāy ud dahyubed ud sālār. AVN 1.8

gar/ -kar

-gar/ -kar < *-kara- ‘making, doing’.

abaxšāyišngar ‘compassionate, forgiver’ from abaxšāyišn ‘pity, mercy’ (Paz. aβaxšāišnigar, Pers.). gōbend kū : ēk ast yazd ī kirbakkar ud dānāg ud tuvānīg ud xvābar ud abaxšāyišngar. ŠGV 11.4

āhangar/ āhingar/ āhungar ‘blacksmith’ < *āθuna-kara-. kafškar az āhingar xvāyišn kuned ˝āhingar˝, kū, ˝dastabzār ī man bē vīrāy dā mōzag ī tō xūb bē kunam !˝ MGA 5 āhungar āhun tābed ud garm kuned. Dk vi, M 578

ardīkkar ‘warrior, combatant’ < *ardi̯a-ka-kara- (cf. Av. arǝzyā- f.). ardīkkar ud varzigar mird. TM 49 I

azdegar ‘making known, herald, announcer’ < *azda-kara- (cf. Av.-OPers. azdā adv., Aram. ʾzdkryʾ). azdegar yazd ‘Herald God’ (the god of Answer). TM 7984 II (Parth.) frēštag až vahišt āγad azdegar, až šahrδārīft.™ 4a

bazakkar ‘evil-doer, criminal, wicked’ < *bazda-ka-kara- (Paz. bažagar). āfrīn ast kunāgar-mān kē būzād ō-š [namāzbarān] az bazakkarān. Ps 123.2 cē abēcimīhādar ? pādāšn ī bazakkarān. AV 227-28

durgar (also drūdgar) ‘carpenter’ < *dru-kara- (Sogd. δrūt ‘carpenter’, Paz. darūt̰.gar, Pers.). durgar dār ī xvahr rāst bē kuned. Dk vi, M 578 āhangarīh ud durgarīh. Dk vii, M 594 āhingar ud kafškar ud drūdgar ud darzīg. MGA 5.2

framāngar ‘fulfiller of commands’ from framān (Aram. prmnkrʾ, Paz. farmąngar). framān ō framāngar šāyed dādan. ŠGV 13.79

gumāngar ‘doubt-maker, casting doubt’ from gumān ‘doubt, suspicion’ (Paz. gumąngar), also gumāngarīh ‘temptation’, gumāngirdīh ‘doubtfulness’. ahrmen mardōmān ped frehbūd ud abēbūd ud druz ī ahlemōgīh ud gumāngarīh ud āzvarīh vēš frēbed. MX 45.8

hugar ‘easy; doing good’ (opp. duškar) < *hu-kara-. rād ud rāst ud mihrbān ud hugar ud kirbakkar. KSM 11

huniyākkar ‘entertainer; musician’ from huniyāg ‘having a beautiful melody; delightful’. spās huniyākkarān ud spās darbānān ī ped dar. SS 18

kafškar ‘shoe-maker’ < *kafša-kara-. āhingar ud kafškar ud drūdgar ud darzīg. MGA 5

kāmišngar ‘wish-fulfiller, doer of (one’s) will’ from kāmišn ‘wish, desire’ (Paz. kāmašnigar). kāmišngar hē ī senān anōšagān. TM 738 u-š peygāmbarān kāmišngarān pedyārag baved. ŠGV 11.94

kārgar (also kārigar) ‘worker, agent, effecter; active (opp. agār)’ < *kāra-kara-. kārigarān sālār. Dk iii, M 108

lābakkar (also lābgar) ‘supplicant’ from lābag ‘entreaty, supplication’. ud hān ī durvandān ruvān burzvāngīhā griyed ud burāmed, ud vas xvāyišn lābakkarīhā xvāhed, ud vas kušišn ī gyān-apettūgīhā kuned. ud ka-š tis-iz kušīdārīh ud lābakkarīh nē cār, u-š az bayān ud az-iz yazdān kas ō frayād nē rased, bē-š vizarš dēv akumandīhā ō hān ī azēr dušox kišed. MX 2.165-166

mahrigar/ mārigar ‘magician; soothsayer; seer’ from mahr/ mār ‘formula, hymn’ (Av. mąθra- m.). (Parth.) kū pad hō fravēnagīft mahrigar ud nimitkas ō kadeβarān nē bavend. TM 6032

mustgar/ mustigar (also mustigār) ‘offender, violent’ (Paz. mustagar), opp. āzādīhgar. do hend vēmār ī viyābān kē ped xvēštan mustgar ud stambag. HVfp mustpeyrāy ud nē mustgar. ŠGV 12.13

nigārgar ‘painter’ < *ni-kāra-kara-. cōn nigārgar kē ped xvēš nizūmānīh az rang ī gōnag-gōnag pehikar nigāred. TM 7983 II

pērōzgar ‘victorious, triumphant, successful’ from pērōz ‘victor’ (Paz. pə̄rōžgar). pērōzgar sūdumand purxvarrah sōšyāns. Āf pērōzgar bed cōn frēdōn! ĀfM

rōšngar/ rōšnigar/ rōšnegar ‘illumining, kindler’ < *rau̯xšna-kara- (Parth. rōšnāgar). tam bē-burdār ud gēhān rōšngar. Dk iii, M 29 āmad ped drūd, rōšnegar ī dilān. TM 31 I

varzigar ‘worker, labouring, peasant’ from varz ‘work, labour’ < *u̯arz-a- (Mand. uarzigar pr.n.). ardīkkar ud varzigar mird. TM 49 I

zarrgar ‘goldsmith’ (Parth. zarngar). kirrōg zarrgar. Dk iii, M 208

zīndakkar ‘life-giving’ < *jiu̯ant-aka-kara- (Parth. žīvandagar). zīndakkar ī gyānān. VZ 30.23 nambarem ō šād-ohrmezd, zīndakkar ī-mān gyān. TM 315 I

gār/ -kār

-gār/ -kār < *-kāra- ‘making, doing’.

āyādgār ‘memorandum, memoir’ < *abii̯āti-kāra- (Parth. aβyādgār). āyādgār ī jāmāsp. J

hamōzgār ‘teacher’ < *hamau̯ca-kāra- (Paz. āmōžgār). hamōzgār ud rad. PXA 7 hamōzgār āsrōn. VZ 30.18 hamōzgār ī frahāduzvān. Dk iv, M 412

kāmgār ‘independent’ < *kāma-kāra-. gyāg ō gyāg ped kirdagān ī yazdān hamgōnag kāmgār ud pādixšā kuned. KSM 9 (Parth.) kāmgār pad varž šavend ud āsend. TM 77

kirdigār ‘maker; efficient, mighty’. gurd ī kirdigār. TS 9 andar kirdigārān spāsgōbišnīh. MX 80 ped yazdān kirdigārdar. NP 68

rōzgār ‘day-time; life-time; (death) anniversary’ from rōz ‘day’ (Paz. rōžgār). vazurgmihr ī bōxtagān abar avēšān sālār kird ud rōzgār-ē vizīdag ped nēk jahišn ud yazdān ayyārīh ō hindūgān frestīd. VC 33 drōn hān xūbdar ka and kunend cand andar rōzgār ped kār šāyed kirdan. RP 58.3 mēnōg rōzgār. Āf

espurrgār (also spurrgar) ‘who makes (something) to the end, perfecting’ from spurr ‘complete, perfect, entire’ < *us-pṛna-. hān spurrgar frēstag ī ast sōšāns. VZ 34.48 ud vxārīn mehān ud kehān huruvānān espurrgārān. TM 801a

estēzgār ‘quarrelsome’ from stēz ‘quarrel, altercation’ < *stai̯j-a-. kē dānišn ud vehīh nē pedīrend, ud ped xvēš grīv estēzgār. TM 97

vahigār/ vehgār ‘well-doing, beneficent’ < *u̯ahi̯ah-kara-. yazdān vehgārīh ī ērānšahr. N P 71

vināhgār ‘sinner; offender; wrongdoer’ from vināh ‘harm; sin’ (Parth. vināsgār, Armen. vnasakar). vināhgār hed, ce dēnvarān zūrīg dušmen būd hed. TM 477

xvēškār ‘dutiful’, also ‘according to the duty’, s. ‘duty, activity’ < *hu̯ai̯paθi̯a-kāra-. dād ud dēn ud uskārišn ī vehān ud frārōnkunišnān xvēškārān. CHP 54

zyāngār (also zyāngar) ‘damager; prejudicial’ < *zi̯āna-kāra-. ped xvāstag ī vas ped harv kas vas zyāngārdar. HOD 54 nōh tis ēn dušcihrdar ud zyāngārdar. DGO

gird/ -kird

-gird/ -kird < *-kṛta- ‘made, done’.

¹ dastgird ‘(landed) property, estate’ (OPers. dasta-kṛta-, Armen. dastakert). dēnag ī mēšān bāmbišn dastgird šābuhr. ŠKZ 30 dar kōšk dastgird. ŠĒŠ 20

² dastgird ‘handmade’ (Skt. hásta-kṛta- adj. ‘made with the hand’). uzdēs ī ramān asēmēn ud zarrēn, dastgird ī mardōmān. Ps 134.15

tanēgird ‘corporeal’ (cf. Av. tanu.kǝrǝta- adj. ‘made by oneself’, Skt. tanū-kṛt- adj. ‘caused by one’s self’). ēn harv do, ham hān ī tanēgird ud ham hān ī mēnōgīh. TM 9 II ōy mēnōg ast nē tanēgird. ŠGV 14.35